Rocket Flight free essay sample

Rocket FlightWhat is a rocket?A rocket is a missile or aircraft that produces thrust by burning fuel and using propellants. It is different from a jet engine as it stores all of the fuel it needs, whereas jets and aeroplanes need oxygen from air to work. This is why rockets can travel out of the earths atmosphere whereas jets cannot. Rockets have a variety of purposes, including:Space explorationLaunching of satellitesNuclear warfare(Only recently) Commercial cargo transportation and private space toursHow does a rocket fly?Rockets use Isaac Newtons 3rd law of motion to fly; For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The rocket ignites its fuel, and it all pushes downwards, as the opposite reaction pushes the rocket upwards. This is known as thrust. Their slim, aerodynamic design and incredible fuel capacity allows rockets to travel at great speeds for a sustained period of time. We will write a custom essay sample on Rocket Flight or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is the difference between solid fuel and liquid fuel boosters? Give examples of both and list what they are used for.Both solid and liquid fuel is used in large rockets, however at different times of the flight. Solid fuel, typically a mixture of oxidisers and aluminium oxide, begins as a liquid and is poured into the boosters. Over a few days it hardens and is ready to be used. The advantages of solid fuel is that it is cheaper than its liquid counterpart and provides greater thrust, however it cannot be controlled; once it is ignited, it cant be stopped. Thus, NASA, and the ESA use solid fuel to do the majority of the work into getting rockets into orbit.However, if solid fuel was to be used as the sole propellant, the rocket and payload would be torn to shreds by the exceptional speed. So instead they combine liquid fuel and typically liquid oxygen to propel the rocket during the later stages of the flight. This can be easily throttled, allowing the rockets speed to be controlled.Who was Wernher von Braun? Write a short biography of his life.Dr Wernher von Braun was a highly influential rocket developer and space explorer in the 20th century. In his early years he was fascinated by the possibilities of space exploration, and as a result studied calculus and trigonometry in order to understand the physics of rockets. After studying engineering at the University of Berlin, he was employed by the German army in 1932, developing liquid fuelled rockets. Von Brauns team created the V-2 ballistic missile, the worlds first long range guided military missile. Measuring at over fourteen metres tall and weighing an enormous twelve tons, it was first launched in 1942 during the Second World War.Knowing the Allies were on the approaching the rocket complex, von Braun moved south to Bavaria before he was eventually captured by the Americans. For fifteen years von Braun worked for the U.S. army in Texas, their military wanting ballistic missiles for themselves. In 1950, his team of 125 was moved to Alabama and designed the Jupiter and Redstone ballistic missiles, as well as three launch vehicles (rockets used to send a payload into space). The Jupiter C, designed by von Brauns team, was the first rocket to carry a satellite into space.From then on, von Braun went on to write several books and articles based on space exploration, becoming a prominent advocate for the subject. He became NASAs director of the Marshall Space Flight Centre, and died in 1977. Ultimately, Wernher von Braun had a considerable influence on the design, uses and application of rockets in his time, and laid the groundwork for space exploration in the future.Why do you think the scientists were taken by the allies after WW2?The scientists were obviously very knowledgeable and skilful in creating rockets for warfare, and the Allies wanted these scientists to create rockets for themselves. From the Allies perspective, the scientists were valuable assets for the war, and the Allies didnt want to be left behind in the creation of lethal rockets. What sort of fuel does NASA use to launch their rockets?NASA uses both solid and liquid fuel to propel their rockets into orbit. The most common solid propellant NASA uses, according to NASAs Chief of exploration vehicle officer Bryan K Smith, is a mix of Ammonium Perchlorate and Powdered Aluminium, pre-mixed to form a rubber like substance stored in the boosters. The most effective liquid propellant NASA use is liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that is mixed in flight when needed.What is a payload? Give an example.The payload of a rocket is dependant on the rockets mission, however in general the payload of a rocket is the portion the completes the purpose of the rocket. For example, the most common payload of a rocket is a satellite. Exploration rockets payloads can be humans or various recording equipment, whereas the payload of an offensive rocket would be its nuclear warhead. Who was the first man in space?Not to be confused with the first man on the moon, Neil Armstrong, the first person in space was cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. He entered space on April 12th 1961, and his 108 minute flight earned him the admirable title of first man in space. Opinion: Commercial space flightI believe that space travel will one day become as common as airline travel is today. Im convinced, however, that the true future of space travel does not lie with government agencies NASA is still obsessed with the idea that the primary purpose of the space program is science but real progress will come from private companies competing to provide the ultimate adventure ride, and NASA will receive the trickle-down benefits.- BUZZ ALDRINIts being labelled the space race of the 21st century, as private businesses are in competition to introduce the world to commercial space flight. Companies such as Virgin Galactic, Blue Origins and SpaceX are currently trialling the possibilities of laun ching cost effective rockets for private purposes, however there is a cloud of doubt over its impact. The innovation can allow high paying customers to experience space first hand, as well as privately transport cargo to and from the international space station. SpaceX have the ultimate goal is to be able to colonise other planets, however possible environmental and martial consequences may shadow the commercial benefits.CEO of Virgin Galactic Richard Branson has announced plans to send tourists into space this year. In 2017 he said I think Id be very disappointed if were not into space with a test flight by the end of the year and Im not into space myself next year. His space test flights have produced groundbreaking results since, and with around 500 potential customers reserving a spot, it appears private space tourism could become a new, lucrative industry. Despite a hefty cost of $350,000 AUD per person, this business has potential to attract major tourism while allowing the lucky few to experience outer space, benefiting all involved. It seems unlikely that the price for orbital travel will remain that high, and as it decreases, the demand and market will increase. A 2013 report funded by the Federal Aviation and Administration Office * predicted that the space tourism industry, with sufficient public support, could eclipse 1. 6 billion dollars in revenue in the next ten years (as of 2012). Ultimately, the prospect of the future space tourism industry is capable of reaping many financial gains and overall benefit the many involved.*(http://www.nss.org/transportation/Suborbital_Reusable_Vehicles_A_10_Year_Forecast_of_Market_Demand.pdf)While cost effective suborbital travel opens possibilities for tourism, it simultaneously could deem a wide range of offensive martial options feasible. In the past, high launch costs have restricted use of rockets for military purposes. In the words of Todd Harrison, a defense budget analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; One of the reasons we have not weaponized space before now is that it did not make sense to do so, it was too expensive relative to the terrestrial alternatives, [and] all the new military space missions that could become cost-feasible to the US could become cost-feasible for other countries, and create a lot of challenges. As the lead author of a recent report on low cost space access, it outlines that rockets are capable of launching missiles at satellites or targets on the ground, possibly with nuclear warheads. The rockets can then be more or less reused and the process can be repeated. Offensive missiles can be intercepted and troops and supplies could even be transported to anywhere in the world within 45 minutes. These offensive options combined with recent government instability across the globe is a recipe for disaster.Our aspirational goal is to send our first cargo mission to Mars in 2022 †¦ and eventually a self sustaining civilisation SpaceX Cheaper space exploration and payload launches opens the door towards colonising other planets, in particular Mars. The more cost effective rockets become, the more exploring and testing can be done with the ultimate goal to create a sustainable civilisation. Transportation of cargo would become significantly less expensive, and low overall cost allows the process to be performed much quicker. The exciting prospect of living on another planet has a range of advantages, including the potential for groundbreaking scientific discoveries, diplomatic rewards and another home for human life if needed in the unpredictable future. Most of all it is a challenge, what we, as humans, thrive on. Reaching the pinnacle of human achievement has always been our focus. Commercial companies are inching closer to that dream every day, progressing our society as a whole.With the increase of launches that cost effective rockets bring, long term damage to the environment becomes an alarming consequence. Rocket engines emit reactive gases that cause ozone particles to break apart. The particles of aluminium oxide and soot that are also released act as a catalyst, increasing the rate in which the ozone is destroyed. A report on the topic in 2009 revealed that rockets are responsible for approximately 1% of ozone depletion, however with the new space race fast approaching, and the lucrative business of commercial space flight, it is predicted that; If left unregulated, rocket launches by the year 2050 could result in more destruction that was ever caused by CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons, formerly used in aerosols). Prof. Darin Toohey of Colorado Boulders oceanic and atmospheric department. This isnt urgent, but if we wait 30 years it will be.Ultimately, cost effective space flight opens the door to a wide range of possibilities, whether it be in space tourism, scientific exploration or the goal of colonisation on other planets. However, it also allows the abuse of such technology, for warfare. As predicted, the increase of rocket launches could damage the environment greatly in the future, so there are many pros and cons to be considered in relation to cost effective rockets.Bibliography Csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://csis-prod. s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/170316_Harrison_UltraLowCostAccess_Web.pdf?LPQ6EI200hsZglqXWA8bYrdWflQ4ucPJ [Accessed 13 Feb. 2018].Dann, F. (2016). Why the U.S. Government Brought Nazi Scientists to America After World War II. [online] Smithsonian. Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/why-us-government-brought-nazi-scientists-america-after-world-war-ii-180961110/ [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Davies, A. (2012). Wealthy Adventurers Could Turn Space Travel Into A $1.6 Billion Industry. [online] Business Insider Australia. Available at: https://www. businessinsider.com.au/space-tourism-to-generate-16-billion-2012-10?r=US [Accessed 18 Feb. 2018].Encyclopedia.com. (2018). Liquid vs. Solid Fuels Dictionary definition of Liquid vs. Solid Fuels | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary. [online] Available at: http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/liquid-vs-solid-fuels [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].European Space Agency. (2018). Solid and liquid fuel rockets. [online] Available at: http://m.esa.int/Education/Solid_and_liquid_fuel_rockets4 [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Extreme Machines Rockets. (2015). [Video] Available at: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=cPDjykCXUnw.Fernholz, T. (2018). Reusable rockets could disrupt the space industry, and not always in a good way. [online] Quartz. Available at: https://qz.com/944145/reusable-rockets-could-disrupt-the-space-industry-and-not-always-in-a-good-way/ [Accessed 27 Feb. 2018].Forum. nasaspaceflight.com. (2018). Finally, Liquid or solid propellant engine?!. [online] Available at: https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index. php?topic=23243.0[Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].I2.wp.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://i2.wp.com/www.7continents5oceans.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Effects-of-ozone-layer-depletion.jpg?resize=553,370 [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018]. Mail Online. (2017). Virgin Galactic to be open for business in 2018 with flights THIS year. [online] Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4374866/Richard-Branson-s-space-plans-Virgin-Galactic-open-2018. html[Accessed 17 Feb. 2018].Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. (2009). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). [online] Available at: https://www.pca. state.mn.us/air/chlorofluorocarbons-cfcs-and-hydrofluorocarbons-hfcs [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].NASA. (2018). Biography of Wernher Von Braun. [online] Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/vonbraun/bio.html [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].NASA. (2018). Space Shuttle and International Space Station. [online] Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/information/shuttle_faq.html [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].NASA. (2018). What Is a Rocket?. [online] Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-a-rocket-58.html [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018]. Rastogi, N. (2018). What impact do rockets have on the environment?. [online] Slate Magazine. Available at: http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_green_lantern/2009/11/dirty_rockets. html [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Redcolony.com. (2018). Why Colonize Mars? Red Colony. [online] Available at: http://www. redcolony.com/features.php?name=whycolonizemars [Accessed 2 Mar. 2018].ScienceDaily. (2018). Rocket Launches May Need Regulation To Prevent Ozone Depletion, Says Study. [online] Available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090331153014.htm [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Scientific American. (2018). What kind of fuel do rockets use and how does it give them enough power to get into space?. [online] Available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-kind-of-fuel-do-rock/ [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Space.com. (2011). What the Next 50 Years Hold for Human Spaceflight. [online] Available at: https://www.space.com/11364-human-space-exploration-future-50-years-spaceflight.html [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Space.com. (2012). Yuri Gagarin: First Man in Space | The Greatest Moments in Flight. [online] Available at: https://www.space.com/16159-first-man-in-space. html [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Space.com. (2017). SpaceX: First Private Flights to Space Station. [online] Available at: https://www. space.com/18853-spacex.html [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018].Space.com. (2018). Commercial Space Travel May Bring Science Benefits, Advocates Say. [online] Available at: https://www.space.com/16228-nasa-commercial-human-spaceflight-benefits.html [Accessed 1 Mar. 2018].Space. com. (2018). Virgin Galactic Aims to Fly Space Tourists in 2018, CEO Says. [online] Available at: https://www.space.com/36654-virgin-galactic-fly-space-tourists-2018.html [Accessed 17 Feb. 2018].Spaceflightsystems.grc.nasa.gov. (2018). Payload Systems. [online] Available at: https://spaceflightsystems.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/payload.html [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Spacefuture. com. (2012). Space Future The Economic Benefits of Space Tourism. [online] Available at: http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/the_economic_benefits_of_space_tourism.shtml [Accessed 18 Feb. 2018].SpaceX. (2018). Company. [online] Available at: http://www.spacex.com/about [Accessed 1 Mar. 2018].Suborbital Reusable Vehicles: A 10-Year Forecast of Market Demand. (2012). [ebook] Florida, p.13. Available at: http://www.nss.org/transportation/Suborbital_Reusable_Vehicles_A_10_Year_Forecast_of_Market_Demand.pdf.

Bioinformatics essays

Bioinformatics essays BIOINFORMATICS Bioinformatics is the field of science in which biology; computer science and IT combine to form a single discipline. Bioinfomatics involves biology, which encompasses the study of proteins generated from sequence of genes and from which, all living organisms are composed. Computer science in Bioinfomatics helps to predict 3d structure of proteins, amino acid sequence, functions of proteins with the help of algorithms and data banks Information technology has proved to be boon in research area of Bioinformatics by providing tools to share the useful information universally accessible and retrievable through Internet. The emerging field of Bioinformatics uses information storage, data analysis and clusters for large scale computing to deal with the mass of information on decoded genes. Bioinformatics will permit the rational creation of new crops, and in general accelerate the unraveling of fundamental biological processes Bioinfomatics, the use of computers in biology research, has been increasing in importance during the past decade as the Human Genome Project went from its beginning to the announcement of a draft of the complete sequence of human DNA Bioinfomatics is proved to be a blessing in the fields of drug design, medicine agriculture and genetic therapy Bioinfomatics has both the immediate potential to produce economically important spin-offs and the lotaent possibility of far reaching positive effects on the world society and markets. WHAT IS BIOINFORMATICS? RELATED TERMS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY DNA MOLECULE DNA TO PROTEIN CONVERSION ...

Andromeda Strain And Virus Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Andromeda Strain And Virus Evolution - Essay Example To some extent this is a theme in Michael Crichton's novel the Andromeda Strain, where a team of scientists must try to prevent the outbreak of a rapidly evolving extraterrestrial virus. The virus remains one step ahead of them for most of the book. While this is only a novel, it has real world counterparts in the difficult steps taken to reduce the evolution of other real viruses. Antibiotics have caused some viruses to evolve and become less treatable. We need to take a page from this clever book and work hard to limit the evolution of real world viruses. If we do not, we may face a resurgence of diseases we once thought were eminently treatable. The Andromeda Strain is a work of science fiction, but it shows us a great deal about our own world. While it is unlikely that a virus would come from outer space, it is entirely possible that such a virus might occur from any of the viruses currently present on Earth. Due to the incredible rate of transportation and interconnectedness of the contemporary world, it will be very challenging to prevent it from rapidly spreading around the world. We must be very mindful of this as such a situation is a potential existential threat.

The effectiveness of the registered nurse managing the urinary Research Paper

The effectiveness of the registered nurse managing the urinary catheter in the adult patient. Proposal Phase - Research Paper Example Secondary data collection shall therefore be the major procedure to be used by the researcher. This is perfectly appropriate because there are several existing research works on urinary catheter that can supply the researcher with adequate and sufficient data. This notwithstanding, there shall also be primary data collection procedures. Primary data collection involves the collection of firsthand data directly by the researcher. The general steps that will be undertaken will involve the collection of data on registered nurses in the site area regarding their treatment to patients with urinary catheter. Data on the progress rate of patients as well as any reported side effects with the urinary catheter shall be collected. Hospital records and forms shall therefore be the major research instruments to use. After collecting such data, the researcher shall present all of it and use existing literature to give interpretation to the data collected. The researcher expects that the outcome o f the data collection will lead to the need to design an intervention to educate nurses further on urinary catheter. After the intervention, another set of data shall be taken on improvement rate of patients. The researcher expects that the outcome will this time round be better than before.... After the intervention, another set of data shall be taken on improvement rate of patients. The researcher expects that the outcome will this time round be better than before. Researcher’s Credentials The researcher is rightly matched for this research work. This is because the researcher is well vested in issues of urinary catheter. As a health science student, who has undertaken several clinical and on job tasks in major hospitals and clinics that practice with urinary catheter, the research has the needed knowledge in the interpretation of data and other records that will be collected from the research site. What is more, the researcher has been part of a group of researchers who have been tasked with analyzing over six previous research works on urinary catheter. This means that the researcher is privileged to needed secondary sources of data to make the qualitative research analysis more authentic and reliable. Finally, as a student, the researcher has shown consistency w ith grades in nursing care. This means that the researcher is a suitable candidate for carrying out the intended interventions in the research site area. Site & Population This is a typical clinical research that demands the use of complicated equipment, access to health records and data, and realistic personnel to supply data and information. This means that the site of the research will best be constituted at a place where the researcher shall be assured of the needed equipment, health records and personnel. To this end, an intensive care unit was chosen. The researcher is hopeful that the intensive care unit has all needed equipment on urinary catheter and records of patients, both past and present. What is more,

Comparative Analysis of English and Bade Proverbs

Comparative Analysis of English and Bade Proverbs COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND BADE PROVERBS: EXPLORING FORM AND CONTENT It is believed that there is no language without proverbs. Vulic and Zergollern in Valiulyte (2010), corroborate this notion that ‘each nation or country has its own proverbs†. Therefore, every language has its own proverbs which are used by its own speakers through many media as in literature like poetry, prose and drama and other forms of daily communication. Nevertheless, some advanced languages like English have a rich tradition of proverbs, because its proverbs have been collected and analyzed academically. This is probably due to the early civilization of the English people, and their awareness of literature and publication. Consequently, English proverbs have become richer and more widespread, unlike the ones of Bade (a local language in Yobe State, Nigeria) whose proverbs have not received any study worthy of academic recognition. The term proverb has been defined by different scholars in different perspectives. Norrick (1985) defines proverbs as self-sufficient, brief, traditional expression with advisory content and secured poetic form. Meider (1985) sees it as a short, generally known sentence which contains wisdom, truth, with memorable form and which is handed down from generation to generation. According to Tatar (1998), proverbs are concise common expressions with literal and figurative meaning. It can be understood from the above definitions that the term proverb is a terse saying that represents matters of universal truth, with a literal, figurative, or poetic structure, preserved through discourse, and passed on from one generation to another in human society. According to Meider (2004), in Dabaghi, Pishbin and Niknasab (2010), it is hard to identify the origin and history of proverbs. Nevertheless, he adds that proverbs ‘†¦ do not fall from the sky’. Therefore, he observes that there is a similar trend of emergence of proverbs in Europe, Asia, Africa and other linguistic and cultural groups. He traces the origin of European proverbs ‘back to the classical times of Greek and Roman antiquity; the Biblical era; the Medieval Latin, and the mass media’. In tracing the origin of proverbs in Persian languages, religion and literature have been recognized as two sources (Moosavi, 2000, in Dabaghi, Pishbin and Niknasab, 2010). In a rather more specific manner, Ridout and Witting (1969) link the source of modern English proverbs to popular sayings of the common man; borrowing from the Bible and other languages; wise saying of famous literary scholars; turning highly idiomatic expressions into proverbs; and, modern edu cation. Over the years, scholars have agreed that geographical location has some effects on the nature of proverbs. Brown (1983) observes that proverbs emerging from the same zone tend to have common features. The same idea may be noticed in Schuh (2005), stating that indigenous languages in Yobe State share ‘a large number of idioms, lexicon-related expressions’, just like how West African languages share ‘proverbs and riddles, songs and folktales’. Nevertheless, this does not mean that those languages may not have distinct properties that can separate them from one another as different language. Because Bade is one of the focus languages in this research, some characteristics of proverbs that are peculiar to African languages will provide the researcher with some rich data to work on. One very inconvenient aspect of this research is that while available resources on English proverbs are not hard to come by, Bade, being the other target language is badly lacking in literary resources particularly on proverbs on the one hand. On the other hand, it looks interesting that this research will set a precedent in such an area with a serious academic intent. Recently, studies on Verbal Arts posted on Yobe Language Research Project have presented a few collections of proverbs of indigenous languages, with Bole (257 proverbs),Ngizim(230 proverbs), Karekare(32 proverbs),and Ngamo(14 proverbs). In the case of Bade, its collection deals with songs and folktales, with no single proverb attached (Schuh, 2004). Other non-indigenous languages like Kanuri, Fulfulde and Hausa which Schuh sees as widely spoken in the state, are the most widely studied, with the last one topping the list with several pieces of researches about proverbs including a dictionary titled Dictionary of Hausa Proverbs. Hence, these few collections of proverbs on the indigenous languages of the study area will benefit the researcher greatly, by providing him with a platform upon which to study the Bade proverbs easily. The basic aim of this research is to analyze the form and content of English and Bade proverbs. To achieve this, the research aims to address four main questions. Firstly, it tries to determine whether English and Bade proverbs have different form. Secondly, it will address the question of whether there are similarities between the content of English and Bade proverbs. Thirdly, it seeks to establish how English and Bade proverbs are preserved .Fourthly, it will ascertain whether there are differences in terms of cultural materials involved in the construction of English and Bade proverbs. Such questions are directly linked to the main aim of this research. By looking at these differences and similarities, it will be possible to justify this analysis correctly. In order to answer these research questions correctly, theoretical framework is proposed. Initially, there is the need to clarify the variables of this research. This research has two dependent variables-form and content, which depend on the independent variable- English and Bade proverbs. It is often possible that in a piece of research like this, two theories may present better analytical ground. Therefore, I have chosen to be eclectic in method, by using more than one theory in a single research. I will use two Semantic theories: Classical Metaphor will be used to analyze form; and, Topic-Comment Structure Theory to analyze content of all the proverbs in my corpus. These analyses, upon which the remaining questions and objectives will be answered and achieved, will be used to explain the form and content of both English and Bade proverbs. The decision to propose Metaphor is very much connected to its history as having positive effects on literary studies. Norrick (1985) confirms that the essence of metaphor in studies of proverbs can be traced back to Aristotle. Saeed (2004) classifies two approaches of traditional metaphor as Classical and Romantic. He ascribes classical metaphor to Aristotle, as it describes metaphor from figurative and rhetorical perspectives. Romantic metaphor is linked to ‘eighteenth and nineteenth century Romantic’ periods, which define metaphor as possibly common material in language use (Saeed, 2004). To set a focus for the research, the researcher has chosen to position it on classical perspective which directly relates to proverbs studies. Based on classical view, it seems likely that metaphor is a universal feature of proverbs. And since proverbs are characterized by ‘rigid form’, (Norick, 1985), metaphor will be of great advantage in analyzing all the proverbs tha t have figurative form in the corpus of this research. The second theory is called Topic-Comment Structure as stated above. According to Norrick (1985), this theory is attributed to Dundes(1975).He adds that the theorist proposed it due to the disagreement of paremiologists about a unified formula to analyze the content of proverbs. Using some English proverbs such as ‘Like father like son, No rose without a thorn, and Better late than never’, Dundes suggests substitutable variables such as ‘like X like Y, no X without Y, and better x than Y’ respectively. Norrick observes that these variables can be used to substitute any expression in a proverb. Therefore, this researcher will use this theory to interpret the real content of all proverbs in the corpus. This kind of research is not rare in literary studies. Different kinds of proverb research have been conducted by many literary experts in English and other languages in the world. Shariati and Teyabi (2012), in their study A Comparative Study of Proverbs Characteristics of Mesopotamian Language, and Local Dialect of Persian indicate that research in proverbs has been carried out since ‘about 2500 BC’. However, this may not discredit this research as a mere repetition of previous works of experts. Certainly, it will make it even more interesting since so far, I have not found any serious research into Bade proverbs. With this fast growing interest in literature and publication in the age of globalization, the importance of proverbs is realized not only in literary contexts but also in media, politics, religion and several other social transactions. Meider, in Dabaghi, Pishbin and Niknasab, (2010), notes that ‘proverbs obviously contain a lot of common sense, experience, wisdom, and truth, and as such they represent ready- made traditional strategies in oral speech and writing from high literature to the mass media’. Thus, it seems reasonable that for literature to be meaningful, studies of proverbs ought to be taken as important as any other aspect of literary studies. Therefore, through this analysis, this research is set to achieve certain objectives which include the following: to define the formal pattern of English and Bade proverbs; to determine the content of English and Bade proverbs; to unveil the ways of preserving the proverbs of English and Bade; to explain the different cultural material involved in the construction of English and Bade proverbs.

Monopoly versus perfect markets Essay

This paper investigates the two extremes of market structures. A monopoly firm, and a firm which operates in a perfectly competitive market. We will compare features, similarities, differences, advantages and disadvantages. The monopoly firm I have chosen is Thames Water. This company is an accurate example, as it’s the sole supplier of the industry. The firm, is the industry. Thames Water supply water through peoples taps in and around London. Fyffe is my chosen firm in a perfectly competitive market. I think this is a good example. It sells bananas to supermarkets and food suppliers, who resell on to customers. The next two paragraphs explain the features of perfect competition, then a monopoly. â€Å"The theory of perfect competition illustrates an extreme form of capitalism. † (Sloman, 2007:113) There are many suppliers, who all only supply and produce a small fraction of the total output, of the whole industry. None of the firms have any power over the market. (Mankiw, 2001) Barriers to entry do not exist. Therefore firms can enter and leave the market freely. Apart from the money and time it takes to set up the business, there are no other obstacles. Both producers and consumers have perfect knowledge of the market. Therefore they both know prices which should be paid, quality which should be met, availability of the product. Market opportunities for expansion, and entry opportunities in the industry as a whole. The price Fyffe must charge for their bananas will depend upon the demand and supply of the whole market, not just Fyffe personal demand. Hence they have no power over prices. They must follow the market forces. (Sloman, 2007)Established firms in the banana industry have no advantage over firms who have newly entered the market. (Parkin, Powell, Matthews)â€Å"This means they can sell all the products they can produce at the market price, but none at a price which is higher. † (Sloman, 2007:114) If Fyffe raise their selling price above p1, their demand will drop to 0, because if Fyffe raise the price of their bananas, consumers will just buy from another firm selling at the current market price. Illustrated in diagram 2. (Beardshaw, 2001) All firms operating in the banana industry sell a homogenous product, all the firms in the industry sell an identical banana. The theory states there is not a great need for advertising or branding. (McConnell, 2008) I would agree with this statement in the context of bananas. Advertising is not needed as people will not look for a specific brand of banana. They all taste the same. However I think a firm in a market selling shampoos and conditioners would need a certain amount of branding and advertising so people choose their product and gain customer loyalty. In the shampoo industry products are not as homogenous. A pure monopoly owns 100% of the industry. Thames water have a great deal of power, and are price makers, thus they set the price to how much they want to charge. If the consumer cannot, or doesn’t want to pay the price, they have to go without the tap water. In the short run both perfect competition and monopolies can make economic profits, losses and supernormal profits. Only monopolies can manage to sustain super normal profits in the long run. â€Å"Persistant economic profits are called monopoly profits. † (Dobson, 2005:99) Monopolies can sustain supernormal profits and remain safe and unaffected by competition due to barriers to entry. Supply to the industry does not increase with new entrants. (Hunt, 1990). There are many types of barriers to entry. Thames water is known as a natural monopoly, meaning there are barriers to entry due to large economies of scale. (Sloman, 2007) Capital equipment is so expensive and large scale that only one sole supplier could manage to make a profit in the water industry. However Thames Water incurred low marginal costs once they are set up. â€Å"If average cost falls as output increases over the entire range of market demand its a natural monopoly. † (Dobson, 2006:100) â€Å"Each would have a very high average cost at a low output. † (Begg, 2005:134) Correspondingly Thames Water gain barriers to entry through lower costs. This is an artificial barrier. The firm is experienced in their field. Has good knowledge of their market, and will be able to gain the best rates of interest on finance, the best suppliers at the lowest costs, and lean methods of production. Other firms would struggle to compete. If a firm decided to set up and compete with Thames Water, and failed by going out of business there would be huge sunk costs. This occurs when high amounts are spent on capital expenditure, which cannot be used on another business venture. (Sloman, 2007) This is an example of exit costs. It would be a huge loss to the firm, and would discourage firms from entering the market. Thames water also have patents copywrite and licensing. The next two paragraphs explain the effect on demand for perfect competition, then a monopoly. For Fyffe the price charged for the bananas is equal to marginal revenue. Average revenue and demand are also equal to price. If average cost dips below average revenue the firm will earn supernormal profits. If demand is above where marginal costs and marginal revenue meet the firms will be making normal profit. See diagram 2. Normal profits cover opportunity costs of the owners money and time. If Fyffe set output below equilibrium marginal cost would exceed marginal revenue and profit would be lowered. If Fyffe raised output above equilibrium marginal costs would exceed marginal revenue and profits would also be lowered. See graph 1. (Dobson, 2005:99) The demand curve is elastic for the banana industry, but not perfectly elastic. Hence why it slopes downwards in diagram 1. If there is a rise in price for bananas, consumers will spend less on the product, and Fyffe will entail a fall in revenue. In contrast if the price of bananas drop, consumers will buy more of the product, and providing the firm is covering their costs they will receive an increase in revenue, because bananas can be relatively easily substituted by another cheaper fruit. Furthermore bananas will sell for a cheaper price when they are in season, due to a larger supply to the market in this period. Fyffe is perfectly elastic which is why their demand curve is horizontal. See graph 2. The firms prices are not affected by their output and their decisions do not affect the industry. (Ison, 2007) Firms must produce at equilibrium to maximise profits, which is where the market supply, meets the market demand, as illustrated in diagram 1. Short run â€Å"assumes the number of firms in the industry does not increase, as there is not enough time. † (Sloman 2007:114) When a firm produces quantity and price, where marginal costs, and average costs meet they are breaking even. See diagram 2. (Begg, 2005) Consumers are charged a price which is equal to what it costs the firm to produce the extra unit. See diagram 2. If the demand curve for bananas increases short term, the demand curve will shift to the right. See diagram 3. This results in a higher equilibrium and a higher selling price. As selling price has increased farmers will raise their output by increasing their variable costs such as labour and materials. This will result in a larger profit and profits are maximised. As illustrated in diagram 4. In contrast if the demand for bananas was to decrease, this would cause a shift to the left in the demand curve. See diagram 5. This results in a lower equilibrium for the industry, and a fall in the selling price. Consequently all firms in the industry including Fyffe would reduce output, by decreasing variable factors and the firm would suffer economic losses. As illustrated in diagram 6. (Dobson, 2005) If Fyffe or Thames Water are not covering their average total costs in the short run, they should carry on trading, but if they are not covering their short run average variable costs, it would be cheaper to temporarily close down. The theory is known as the short run supply decision. (Ison, 2007) In the long run any firm should close down if it is not covering its total average costs as it is loss making. Called the long run supply decision. (Begg, 2003) When demand increases and selling prices rise in the long term, existing firms are making supernormal profits. Several new firms will enter the market. The supply curve will shift to the right, and supply will increase, which will lower market price. As more new industries join firms reduce their output until they are making a normal profit again. Output of the whole industry will be larger now that more firms are in the market, and there is no incentive for firms to enter, or leave the market as breakeven profits are being made. Referred to as the entry or exit price. When there is a decrease in demand, prices will fall, and firms will reduce output to minimise losses. Eventually due to losses some firms will leave the market which lessens supply and the supply curve will shift to the left. This raises prices due to restricted output, and farmers will start to make normal profits again. So there are less firms and less output in the industry. (Dobson, 2005) In the long run there are no fixed costs in any industry, as firms can change their plant size or machinery. Resulting in a long run supply curve which is flatter than the short run. (Begg, 2003) If all firms operating in the industry restricted supply together increasing demand and prices, new firms would enter the market which would increase supply and lower prices. (Begg, 2005) Thames water are price inelastic, and have a low income elasticity of demand, because there are no close substitutes for their product, and water is a essential item. However they are not perfectly inelastic, as a rise in price will still amount to a small drop in quantity demanded. This means Thames water’s revenue will increase with a rise in price, and decrease with a fall in price. A profit maximising level of output is where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost but rising up to the demand curve to obtain price. See diagram 9 (Sloman, 2007) The demand curve in diagram 9 represents the value of Thames water to customers, and the marginal curve shows the costs Thames water must pay. The marginal revenue curve must lie below the downward sloping demand curve as marginal revenue is less than price. The further the distance between the demand curve on the right hand side and the marginal revenue on the left the more inelastic the demand, see diagram 9. (Dobson, 2005) ) A firm cannot produce to the right of marginal revenue as this part of the diagram is inelastic. In order for the monopolist to sell a larger amount, the price must be lowered on all previous units, so to prevent this the monopolist may restrict output to keep a larger revenue. Creating scarcity and raising the equilibrium price. (Begg, 2005) â€Å"The excess of price over marginal costs shows the monopolies power† (Dobson, 2005:102) The power to raise prices by selling a smaller amount of output. Diagrams 8, 9, and 10 show long run economic profits, normal profits and losses. Thames water will then check weather the profit maximising level of output covers their total costs in the long run and variable costs in the short run. (Begg, 2003) Thames water is not a contestable market due to the fact it’s a natural monopoly, and has very high barriers to entry. This means they can charge high prices and make supernormal profits, without the threat of competition and new entrants. (Sloman, 2007) Thames water may want to behave ethically when setting prices. If they choose too high a price which people cannot afford this could lead to poverty, but if they charge too low a price this could lead to a wastage of water. Monopolies often use price discrimination when setting prices. Although Thames water do not. Perfect competition cannot use this method. Particular consumers are charged a higher price for an identical service so the monopoly can earn higher profits. (Ison, 2007) Revenue is not lost from previously sold units when price is reduced. More output can be sold ands firms can catch some of their consumer surpluses. See diagram 12. â€Å"Surpluses are the difference between actual price paid and what consumers will have been willing to pay. † â€Å"So the business is treating the demand curve as the marginal revenue curve† (Ison, 2007:138) Only works when consumers cannot buy the product for a cheaper price and sell on to others. (Begg, 2005) A firm operating in perfect competition will achieve allocative efficiency. This exists when price is equal to marginal costs. â€Å" Society is better off when resources are allocated to maximise the total surplus in the market. † (Dobson, 2005:91) Productive efficiency will also be achieved, meaning Fyffe will produce and sell their output for the lowest price they can in the long run giving consumers the best possible value for money. â€Å"Price equals minimum average total cost. † (Dobson, 2005:92) This is good for consumers and society as consumers get the best possible value for money. (Sloman, 2007) Perfectly competitive markets are critised for having a lack of variety, unable to fully satisfy consumers wants and needs. Furthermore the long term entry and exit of firms can be a waste of certain resources such as empty buildings. This is called competitive forces in action. (Dobson, 2005) Monopoly’s are in a position to give us a lower price if they decide to, due to economies of scale. The marginal cost curve is lower than the supply curve in their graph which means the firm can supply more output at a lower production cost. Supernormal profits can fund research and development which will improve the quality of the product. Therefore the monopoly can innovate and introduce new products. (Ison, 2007) However some firms may not do this as they do not need to fight to stay in the industry, with no competition around. (Mankiw, 2001) Joseph Schumpeter said in theory monopolies have more ability and incentive to innovate which can make them better for society. If you imagine a whole industry was taken over by a monopolist, they could eliminate competition and charge very high prices, by reducing output level to which raises price. Supernormal profits represent a redistribution of income from consumer to producer which can be critised on equity grounds† (Ison, 2007:137) Monopoly firms have been known to â€Å"engage in dirty tricks to protect themselves from competition. † They do not produce an output which minimises average costs. Making them productively efficient. â€Å"Perfect competition is rare due to larger companies expanding, gaining economies of scale and market power. Resulting in other firms being forced of the business. So if economies of scale did not exist any industry could have perfect competition. † (Dobson, 2006:94) Monopolies are also rare, and both are extremes of market structures. Most firms lie somewhere between the two. I think the two firms I picked are a fair comparism. They are both from a mixed economy. Thames water will have regulating agencies monitoring them. There are only 3 legal monopolies in Britain Thames Water included. In the past there was a significant amount of monopolies which were government owned. When Margaret Thatcher came into power she privitised these firms as she believed competition would lead to greater efficiency and lower prices which would benefit society as a whole. I agree with her decision and I think after researching, perfect competition appears to be the better option for consumers. Monopolys benefit society in certain situations such as retained profits ploughed back into research and development for medical reasons, and natural monopolies who could not survive in a perfectly competitive industry. Monoplies and perfect competition are becoming more rare as time goes on and who knows what will happen in the future.

An Analysis of Leadership Models

Models and their Influence on Educational Leadership Pamela Lee University of Phoenix An Analysis of Leadership Models Although there is no conclusive, comprehensive definition of leadership, there has been advances in researching leadership theories that have been uncovered and carried out over the last 200 years. In the late sass, the trait theory permeated the leadership theory. The World War era saw the beginning of the contingency/situation leadership theories of Fiddler, Broom-Yet, and Hershey-Blanchard. In the sass, the research turned toward behavioral leadership theories.Many researchers started to use rating skills and conduct interviews to identify the specific behaviors that leaders engaged in on-the-Job (Wren, 1995). The most recent leadership theories, transactional, and transformational, focus on the relationships between leaders and followers. According to Viola, Wallaby, and Weber, â€Å"Today, the field of leadership focus' not only on the leader, but also the foll owers, peers, supervisors, work setting/context, and culture† (Viola, Wallaby, & Weber, 2009, p. 422). Many of the leadership models have been used in education.The following will be a historical analysis of the trait, behavioral, transactional, and transformational models and their influence on educational leadership over the past 200 years. Close attention will be paid to the evolution of the educational leader (principal) and how his or her roles have changed over time. The scientific study of leadership began in the late sass with the discovery of the traits theory. The common assumption of the time was that certain people were born with the ability to lead, thus making them better leaders than others.Schemers stated, † Those who became leaders were different from those who remained lowers† (Schemers, 1995, p. 83). The goal of trait research was to identify traits that were associated with leadership. The tests measured dominance, masculinity, sensitivity, and physical appearance, to name a few (Schemers, p. 83). During this time, a key leadership role in education was beginning to develop, the principals. As a result of the expansion of education, the one room schoolhouse model with a teacher or master became obsolete.In the sass, grade level schools were established and certain teachers were elevated to the position of â€Å"principal teacher† (Kafka, p. 321). The principal teacher at this time also possessed certain traits. The principal was most always male, who could complete the following clerical and administrative duties that kept the school in order, such as assigning classes, conducting discipline, maintaining the building, taking attendance, and ensuring that school began and ended on time (Kafka, p. 231)t.According to Kafka, These duties brought the principal teacher a degree of authority, as did his role in communicating and answering to the district superintendent, who tended to govern local schools from afar† ( Kafka, 2009, p. 231). Many of these roles matched the traits earlier identified by the scientific studies. The principal was male and showed dominance through authority and could manage and maintain law and order in the school. The role of principal and the type of person who filled this position would not change until the scientific research revealed that traits alone do not determine who should be in leadership positions.In the late sass, Stodgily discovered that â€Å"traits alone do not determine leadership† (Schemers, 1995, p. 84). As a result of Stodgily discovery, new models of leadership were created and researched. One model, behaviorism, researched the behaviors (styles) that a leader would demonstrate in his or her chosen field. Questionnaires such as the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire was used to identify behaviors that leaders engaged in (Schemers, p. 85). In education, the principals role changed as the country went off to war and people feared the fa scist and communist dictatorships.As a result of the changes in the world and new education laws passed, specifically the law that made school compulsory, the principals role changed and evolved. The principals role became a more democratic role. According to Kafka, â€Å"there was a greater expectation that other members of the school community-? including faculty and even students-?would help make decisions and govern the school. In this sense, the principals authority was drawn somewhat from his role as a democratic leader† (Kafka, 2009, p. 325).Principals would have many roles, they would become instructional leaders, and use the professional training they received and the scientific theories they were presumed to have mastered to bring about the very best classroom teaching and learning (Beck & Murphy, 1993, p. 73-76). Principals ere instructed how to manage custodians and cafeteria duties. Principals were expected to demonstrate a democratic leadership style when runnin g his or her school. In the sass, leadership research shifted from situational and contingency models to the transactional and transformational approaches.The transactional approach made popular by the research of Edwin Hollander focused on the leader as the star of the show. The transactional model did not focus on behaviors or specific situation, but on improving an organization through incentives and rewards. One transactional theory, the vertical dyad linkage theory plopped by Green, described how leaders in groups maintain their position through a series of tacit exchange agreements with their members (Schemers, p. 91). The transformational approach in contrast, is based on the interaction of leaders and followers.Bass, Burns, and House became key leaders in the research annals of transformational leadership. According to Cutout, † Genuine transformational is â€Å"socialized† and transcends self-interest for utilitarian or moral reasons. It seeks a convergence of values distinguish genuine from pseudo forms of transformational leadership† (Cutout, 2002, p. 96). Although the transactional leadership approach can be found primarily throughout business organizations, it also can be found in education at the principal position along with the transformational approach.In the field of education, a principal can implement both transformational and transactional leadership approaches simultaneously. In the sass, principals became agents of change. Healthier stated, â€Å"that this focus on the principals capacity to enact change was only affirmed in the sass with the popularity of Ron Edmondson effective schools research, which emphasized that strong administrative leadership as a common characteristic of successful schools† (Healthier, 1992, p. 37). As a result of No Child Left Behind (NCSC), schools have implemented high stakes testing to satisfy the requirements of the law.Principals are put in the position of having to wear â€Å"t wo hats†, a transformational hat and a transactional hat. Pepper states, † A principals ability to skillfully balance transform and transactional leadership styles will best position a school to accomplish the goals set forth by NCSC while also continuing to focus on individual students needs for academic success† (Pepper, 2010, p. 3). A principal practices a transformational leadership style when he or she is practicing shared leadership with staff, parents, and students.A principal would collaborate with teachers in the areas of curriculum development and instructional practices. The principal also would have a shared vision for the school and collaborate with staff and students to build an effective school culture. The principal would practice transactional leadership when he or she are overseeing the daily operations of the school. The principal would be enforcing policies, procedures, and rules of the school. The principal would reward teachers for accomplishi ng their goals and discipline teachers who do not live up to his or her standards.Although most would think of a principal as a transformational leader, there are times when a principal also has to be a transactional leader to accomplish goals, increase student achievement, and have a safe and effective school for both staff and students. Research and psychological studies will continue to contribute to the pool of leadership theories illustrated in this essay. The study of leadership has evolved from a leader-centered models with the advent of trait and behavioral studies to a Ochs on a multidimensional study that revolves around culture, context, and emotions as seen with the transactional and transformational models. An Analysis of Leadership Models Models and their Influence on Educational Leadership Pamela Lee University of Phoenix An Analysis of Leadership Models Although there is no conclusive, comprehensive definition of leadership, there has been advances in researching leadership theories that have been uncovered and carried out over the last 200 years. In the late sass, the trait theory permeated the leadership theory. The World War era saw the beginning of the contingency/situation leadership theories of Fiddler, Broom-Yet, and Hershey-Blanchard. In the sass, the research turned toward behavioral leadership theories.Many researchers started to use rating skills and conduct interviews to identify the specific behaviors that leaders engaged in on-the-Job (Wren, 1995). The most recent leadership theories, transactional, and transformational, focus on the relationships between leaders and followers. According to Viola, Wallaby, and Weber, â€Å"Today, the field of leadership focus' not only on the leader, but also the foll owers, peers, supervisors, work setting/context, and culture† (Viola, Wallaby, & Weber, 2009, p. 422). Many of the leadership models have been used in education.The following will be a historical analysis of the trait, behavioral, transactional, and transformational models and their influence on educational leadership over the past 200 years. Close attention will be paid to the evolution of the educational leader (principal) and how his or her roles have changed over time. The scientific study of leadership began in the late sass with the discovery of the traits theory. The common assumption of the time was that certain people were born with the ability to lead, thus making them better leaders than others.Schemers stated, † Those who became leaders were different from those who remained lowers† (Schemers, 1995, p. 83). The goal of trait research was to identify traits that were associated with leadership. The tests measured dominance, masculinity, sensitivity, and physical appearance, to name a few (Schemers, p. 83). During this time, a key leadership role in education was beginning to develop, the principals. As a result of the expansion of education, the one room schoolhouse model with a teacher or master became obsolete.In the sass, grade level schools were established and certain teachers were elevated to the position of â€Å"principal teacher† (Kafka, p. 321). The principal teacher at this time also possessed certain traits. The principal was most always male, who could complete the following clerical and administrative duties that kept the school in order, such as assigning classes, conducting discipline, maintaining the building, taking attendance, and ensuring that school began and ended on time (Kafka, p. 231)t.According to Kafka, These duties brought the principal teacher a degree of authority, as did his role in communicating and answering to the district superintendent, who tended to govern local schools from afar† ( Kafka, 2009, p. 231). Many of these roles matched the traits earlier identified by the scientific studies. The principal was male and showed dominance through authority and could manage and maintain law and order in the school. The role of principal and the type of person who filled this position would not change until the scientific research revealed that traits alone do not determine who should be in leadership positions.In the late sass, Stodgily discovered that â€Å"traits alone do not determine leadership† (Schemers, 1995, p. 84). As a result of Stodgily discovery, new models of leadership were created and researched. One model, behaviorism, researched the behaviors (styles) that a leader would demonstrate in his or her chosen field. Questionnaires such as the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire was used to identify behaviors that leaders engaged in (Schemers, p. 85). In education, the principals role changed as the country went off to war and people feared the fa scist and communist dictatorships.As a result of the changes in the world and new education laws passed, specifically the law that made school compulsory, the principals role changed and evolved. The principals role became a more democratic role. According to Kafka, â€Å"there was a greater expectation that other members of the school community-? including faculty and even students-?would help make decisions and govern the school. In this sense, the principals authority was drawn somewhat from his role as a democratic leader† (Kafka, 2009, p. 325).Principals would have many roles, they would become instructional leaders, and use the professional training they received and the scientific theories they were presumed to have mastered to bring about the very best classroom teaching and learning (Beck & Murphy, 1993, p. 73-76). Principals ere instructed how to manage custodians and cafeteria duties. Principals were expected to demonstrate a democratic leadership style when runnin g his or her school. In the sass, leadership research shifted from situational and contingency models to the transactional and transformational approaches.The transactional approach made popular by the research of Edwin Hollander focused on the leader as the star of the show. The transactional model did not focus on behaviors or specific situation, but on improving an organization through incentives and rewards. One transactional theory, the vertical dyad linkage theory plopped by Green, described how leaders in groups maintain their position through a series of tacit exchange agreements with their members (Schemers, p. 91). The transformational approach in contrast, is based on the interaction of leaders and followers.Bass, Burns, and House became key leaders in the research annals of transformational leadership. According to Cutout, † Genuine transformational is â€Å"socialized† and transcends self-interest for utilitarian or moral reasons. It seeks a convergence of values distinguish genuine from pseudo forms of transformational leadership† (Cutout, 2002, p. 96). Although the transactional leadership approach can be found primarily throughout business organizations, it also can be found in education at the principal position along with the transformational approach.In the field of education, a principal can implement both transformational and transactional leadership approaches simultaneously. In the sass, principals became agents of change. Healthier stated, â€Å"that this focus on the principals capacity to enact change was only affirmed in the sass with the popularity of Ron Edmondson effective schools research, which emphasized that strong administrative leadership as a common characteristic of successful schools† (Healthier, 1992, p. 37). As a result of No Child Left Behind (NCSC), schools have implemented high stakes testing to satisfy the requirements of the law.Principals are put in the position of having to wear â€Å"t wo hats†, a transformational hat and a transactional hat. Pepper states, † A principals ability to skillfully balance transform and transactional leadership styles will best position a school to accomplish the goals set forth by NCSC while also continuing to focus on individual students needs for academic success† (Pepper, 2010, p. 3). A principal practices a transformational leadership style when he or she is practicing shared leadership with staff, parents, and students.A principal would collaborate with teachers in the areas of curriculum development and instructional practices. The principal also would have a shared vision for the school and collaborate with staff and students to build an effective school culture. The principal would practice transactional leadership when he or she are overseeing the daily operations of the school. The principal would be enforcing policies, procedures, and rules of the school. The principal would reward teachers for accomplishi ng their goals and discipline teachers who do not live up to his or her standards.Although most would think of a principal as a transformational leader, there are times when a principal also has to be a transactional leader to accomplish goals, increase student achievement, and have a safe and effective school for both staff and students. Research and psychological studies will continue to contribute to the pool of leadership theories illustrated in this essay. The study of leadership has evolved from a leader-centered models with the advent of trait and behavioral studies to a Ochs on a multidimensional study that revolves around culture, context, and emotions as seen with the transactional and transformational models.