Managing stateless refugees Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Overseeing stateless exiles - Assignment Example In Ireland, the quantity of individuals who might be viewed as stateless is obscure. The truth of statelessness subsequently conveys the need to give strong or progressively maintainable arrangements. Once more, the way that the status of the stateless achieves the impediment of the rights and opportunities of the casualties draws the requirement for this thought. The irregular dissemination of the stateless and the withdrawal of human rights and opportunity from this gathering of individuals influence the remainder of the world. One of the reasons for statelessness is the inability to guarantee the enlistment of kids during childbirth. The earnestness and of the issue is underscored by the way that around 51 million births don't get enrolled each year. This factual arrangement was benefited by the United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF. Once more, there are laws and guidelines that influence the enlistment of birth, marriage and the agreement of citizenship. For example, in creating economies, one isn't consequently viewed as a resident by birth. Rather, it is significant that the individual conceived in the nation ought to have remained in the nation and been enrolled as a resident, with the end goal for him to be conceded this status. There are examples where nationality is carefully commenced upon drop. For this situation, the plummet of father is what is thought of, rather than that of the mother. This is restricting since there are occurrences in which single-child rearing may restrain the candidate of nationality. This is particularly the situation if the realized single-parent is female. Political changes may likewise propel individuals out of their nation. Instances of separation and human dealing are likewise significant since they might be instrumental in rendering one stateless. These two variables (separation and human dealing) are unmistakably exemplified by the Kurds who have been deliberately persecuted and denied citizenship by

Fitness Industry and Social Media Dangers

Wellness Industry and Social Media Dangers Could The Fitness Industry Be More Harmful At that point Helpful? Presentation Wellbeing can be characterized as â€Å"the state of being liberated from sickness and injury†. Anyway looking further into the word â€Å"health† gives you equivalent words, for example, â€Å"well-being; wellness; acceptable condition; great shape†. These words create ideas in regards to the relationship of the wellness industry to the feeling of prosperity and great wellbeing. Since the First World War the emphasis on physical wellness has been an essential focal point of the Health status and discussion around medical problems in Canada and the United States. In Canada Health Canada and The Canadian Food Inspection Agency, and The Food and Drug Administration in the United States, are answerable for the wholesome marks on the food we devour. These names alongside the proper food rules of wholesome admission should be the best quality level for a person to keep up a degree of good dieting one part of a sound way of life. With a solid eating routine, work out, and sufficient rest, ought to in principle, empower a sound and long life. Be that as it may, imagine a scenario where the nourishments, the substances being devoured, aren’t precisely what they said they were. For sure if something promoted with one wellbeing objective, getting more fit, really annihilated and harmed your kidneys all the while? In the Health Consumables Market the issue is whether Canada and the United States’ wellness industry’s have gotten counterproductive to the support of wellbeing. One significant issue are the guidelines and rules for dietary data on items that are legitimately related with the wellness business, for example, protein, Branch-Chain-Amino-Acids, creatine and fat misfortune items are excessively loose and regularly go untested[1]. A significantly more noteworthy hindrance to the wellness business is that the individuals who advance these different wellness supplements on their online networking stages make ridiculous self-perceptions and accordingly further medical problems. Body issues and dietary problems further fuel the unregulated enhancement industry making a recurrent brute that may advance wellbeing in a few however thus does the inverse in others. What is expected to tame this mammoth are more tightly guidelines and principles for supplement items and a framework to control the advancement of these â€Å"Instagram stars† and their items. Could the wellness business at any point become an industry worth putting stock in? CURRENT SUPPLEMENT REGULATIONS Presently enhancements and wellbeing items are represented by Health Canada. The Food and Drug Regulations work on a â€Å"test if needed† premise as opposed to on a required food-testing premise. The Food and Drug Regulations have an intentional accommodation necessity. The organization presents their wholesome name and item data to Health Canada and they guarantee it follows the wholesome rules of what is permitted in products[2]. In the event that an item makes a case of either sustenance substance or malady hazard decrease then the item itself will be submitted for testing to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)[3]. Once submitted to the CFIA they will decide if the case of a supplement esteem is available in the item so the name is announcing the right wellbeing substance. Sickness decrease is additionally checked and estimated by CFIA to check whether the item guarantees are exact for example â€Å"Cheerios diminishes heart disease†[4]. While deciding the security and the wellbeing cases of every item there are a number of basic issues: Industry is capable for guaranteeing that sustenance marking and claims are consistent with the Food and Drug Regulationsâ and that mark esteems precisely mirror the supplement substance of the product.A appropriate consistence test for the exactness of announced supplement esteems must think about the natural fluctuation of supplements in nourishments and the inconstancy of the research center strategy utilizing fitting measurable analysis.The CFIA compliance move will make into thought lab results, yet additionally the wellbeing danger to people in general, monetary misfortune to buyers, past consistence history of the item and the companys quality power over the assembling and marking processes.[5] Curiously CFIA and wellbeing Canada excluded a few nourishments from this thorough procedure and the necessity of presenting their item for wellbeing claims survey. Exemptions incorporate dinner substitutions, healthful enhancements, mineral supplements and additionally amino acids. The United States surveys are directed by a sub-segment of the Food and Drug Administration entitled Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN). CFSAN works correspondingly to the Canadian proportionate, CFIA, in that most of testing is done on an irregular not compulsory basis.â The makers are approached to present the item test results as laid out in the â€Å"Manufacturers Responsibility† models: â€Å"FDAs proceeding with approach since the 1970s doles out the producer the obligation regarding guaranteeing the legitimacy of an item marks expressed supplement esteems. As needs be, the wellspring of the information used to compute sustenance name esteems is the right of the producer, however FDAs approach suggests that the supplement esteems for naming be founded on item arrangement, as dictated by research facility examination of every supplement. FDA keeps on suggesting the utilization of the Official Methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (AOAC), with non-AOAC Official Techniques utilized distinctly without suitable AOAC approved strategies. For every item that is remembered for a sustenance marking database submitted to FDA, the organization demands that the engineer incorporate a table distinguishing proposed systematic techniques that were utilized in the examination of every supplement, with going with data containing approval of the strategy utilized by the on location or business research facility for the framework of interest.†[6] Anyway the FDA’s guidelines take into consideration a decision by every producer to utilize the non-AOAC Official Methods that gives them the capacity to â€Å"prepare† their numbers. The maker should likewise agree to Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, which separates consumables into various classes of supplements as per the FDA[7]. There are three distinct classes of supplements: Class I: are those additional in sustained or manufactured nourishments, these supplements are nutrients, minerals, protein, dietary fiber, or potassium[8]. Class I nutrientsâ must be available at 100% or a greater amount of the worth pronounced on the name; at the end of the day, the supplement content recognized by the research facility examination must be at any rate equivalent to the name value[9]. Class II: are nutrients, minerals, protein, all out starch, dietary fiber, other sugar, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat, or potassium that happen normally in a food product[10]Class II nutrientsmust be available at 80% or a greater amount of the worth announced on the label[11]. Class III: supplements incorporate calories, sugars, all out fat, soaked fat, cholesterol, and sodium[12]. Be that as it may, for items, for example, organic product drinks; juices; and candy parlors; that have sugar substance of 90 percent or a greater amount of complete starch. To forestall naming irregularities due to a limited extent to adjusting, FDA regards absolute starch as a Class III supplement rather than a Class II nutrient[13]. For nourishments with mark affirmations of Class III supplements, the proportion between the sum acquired by research center investigation and the sum announced on the item mark in the Nutrition Facts panelâ must be 120% or less. The mark is viewed as out of consistence if the supplement substance of a composite of the item is more prominent than 20% over the worth pronounced on the label[14]. For instance, if a lab investigation discovered 8 g of all out fat/serving in an item that expressed that it contained 6 g of complete fat/serving, the proportion between the research center worth and the name worth would be (8/6) x 100 = 133%, and the item name would be thought of to be out of consistence. Like the CFIA the FDA have dietary enhancements under an alternate classification administered under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994(DSHEA)[15]. These enhancements are required to adhere to these standards delineated beneath: â€Å"Federal law necessitates that each dietary enhancement be marked all things considered, either with the term dietary enhancement or with a term that substitutes a depiction of the items dietary ingredient(s) for the word dietary (e.g., home grown enhancement or calcium supplement). Government law doesn't require dietary enhancements to be demonstrated safe to FDAs fulfillment before they are promoted. For most cases made in the marking of dietary enhancements, the law doesn't require the producer or vender to demonstrate to FDAs fulfillment that the case is precise or honest before it shows up on the item. As a rule, FDAs job with a dietary enhancement item starts after the item enters the commercial center. That is normally the agencys first chance to make a move against an item that presents a critical or nonsensical danger of ailment or injury, or that is in any case corrupted or misbranded. Dietary enhancement firms must answer to FDA any genuine unfavorable occasions that are accounted for to them by purchasers or medicinal services experts. Dietary enhancement producers don't need to get the agencys endorsement before creating or selling these items. It isn't legitimate to advertise a dietary enhancement item as a treatment or solution for a particular sickness, or to mitigate the indications of a sickness. There are constraints to FDA oversight of cases in dietary supplement marking. For instance, FDA audits validation for claims as assets permit†[16]. The guidelines from the DSHEA really permit organizations to mama

55 of the Best 2019 LGBTQ Books Critical Linking, December 11, 2019

55 of the Best 2019 LGBTQ Books Critical Linking, December 11, 2019 Critical Linking, a daily roundup of the most interesting bookish links from around the web is sponsored by Flatiron Books. I hope you’re ready to have your to-read list exploded! Here are 55 of the best LGBTQ books published in 2019. Below are gorgeous graphic memoirs, epic fantasy tales, twisty thrillers, swoony romances, exceptional essay collections, and more! I need more reading time! This year, the White House continues its theme of horrifying holiday decor by imitating a hallway from The Shining. This follows the infamous 2018 hallway of blood-red trees, suggesting that the visitor has somehow wandered into a carnivorous forest. What ordinary citizens don’t know, however, is that this is part of a deliberate strategy! The White House is reviving the old tradition of telling spooky stories around Christmas, albeit through the medium of pine trees and strange ornaments. We’ve managed to get our hands on some proposals for next year’s decor. If youre looking for horror this Christmas. As if we didn’t have enough Harry Potter accessories, a new jewelry collection has dropped that seems worth a bunch of galleons. After collaborating with Disney for their Lion King, Aladdin, and other themed collections, Pandora took a train to Hogwarts to satisfy all the Potterheads who love bling. The Harry Potter x Pandora collection features a total of 12 hand-finished products, including charms, pendants, and a braceletâ€"each piece inspired by the characters and symbols seen in the Harry Potter films. All four Hogwarts houses will be represented, so all fans will find something to love. Jewelry and Harry Potter fans rejoice just in time to put on your holiday wish list. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Womens Role in Marriage - 1327 Words

The roles of women have changed drastically throughout the years. Historically the expected role of the woman in the family was to a take care of the needs within the home, which included providing care for the children, doing chores, and making goods. During these times women were required to be subservient to their husbands and had little say in the matters outside of the home or outside her â€Å"place.† During the 1800s women were essentially the possession of their spouse, they were not allowed to keeps their earnings, inheritance, nor their freedom. Once married, often very young, the woman became one with her husband and followed his rules within and outside of the home. Similar to the present, there were levels of class, however,†¦show more content†¦Women have continued to progress throughout the years, becoming an almost equal counterpart to men in the work force and in politics. The women of the twenty-first century are a model of which those in the 1800s a spired to be. Having gained such freedom, the woman’s place in the home and marriage no longer requires her to do anything, ultimately the woman has a choice in what she does. Unlike women of the 1800s, who were trapped in their marriage by law, women of the twenty-first century have the option of divorce, prenuptial agreements, and alimony, a great development from the earlier. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† Mrs. Mallard struggled with the idea of having loved her husband, Chopin writes, â€Å"And yet she had love him—sometimes. Often she had not. What did it matter! What could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in the face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being† (116, Paragraph 15). Marriages of the nineteenth century were mainly social agreements, an article on women in the nineteenth century expounded on their marriages stating, â€Å"Young girls were often married by the age of 13 or 14 and if women weren’t married by the age of 25.† The marriages during this time were more for economical convenience rather than actual romance. In these marriages the husband could do as he pleased with no legal consequences other than for murder of their wife. The women provided care for the children of the home andShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Divorce Rate and Women in the Workplace1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe Divorce Rate and Women in the Workplace Marriage Most ancient societies needed a source environment for the upholding of the species and a system of rules to handle the granting of property rights. The institution of marriage handled both of these needs. Some varieties of marriage are Polygamy- one man, several wives or one woman, several husbands. Polygyny- one man, several wives. Polyandry- one woman, several husbands. Endogamy- requirement to marry someone who belongs to his or herRead MoreEquality of the Sexes: Elizabethan Era and Now (as Conveyed in Romeo and Juliet)895 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor issue and dispute. Analysing the role of women in the Elizabethan Era, through Shakespeare’s representation in Romeo and Juliet, and comparing them to the role of women in the 21st century, will help to demonstrate that equality of the sexes has been achieved, and come a long way in the past 400 years. Three ways in which equality of the sexes has been achieved is the role of a married, and unmarried woman, and roles of women in society. Married women’s roles have changed significantly since theRead MoreThe Feminist Theory Of Mary Astell s Piece From The Norton Anthology Of English Literature1434 Words   |  6 Pages(The Norton Anthology 2421). (Tyson 1). In Mary Astell’s piece from The Norton Anthology of English Literature,â€Å"From Some Reflections upon Marriage†, she argues the ideas of a feminist approach on marriage through an honest depiction of male motivations, irony in marriage, and lack of education of women. Overall, she illustrates that men hold the power in a marriage, leaving uneducated woman undermining self- confidence and assertiveness. Women face economic, political, social, and psychologicalRead MoreHitler During The Nazi Era878 Words   |  4 Pagesduring the Nazi era; his outlook on how women should act is embodied in the Speech to the National Socialist Women’s Association. The speech was given by Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, the organization’s leader, with the intent to convince women to take their place in Hitler’s Nazi movement. The emphasis on women’s natural roles in the home, as mothers and wives, and the discouragement of women’s right are manifested in the persuasive language of national identity and involvement. Hitler uses Scholtz-KlinkRead MoreGender Equality1474 Words   |  6 Pagessomething important was born and it was the birth of the womens rights movement. Women were tired of being the â€Å"caregiver[s]† (Gender Roles Within American Marriage) while the men were the â€Å"breadwinners† (Gender Roles Within American Marriage). Women had to do ch ange things around because they could not live the same life they were living. Many of the â€Å"women were suffering under the dominance of men in their lives† (Gender Roles Within American Marriage). It was time for women to fight for â€Å"gender equalityRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Equal Rights Amendment1239 Words   |  5 PagesAmendment would legalize gay marriage and abortion, as well as destroy Christian family values in other ways. Traditional Familial Roles During the 1970s, conservative Christians claimed the Equal Rights Amendment would demolish their traditional family roles and values. Phyllis Schlafly once said that the family is the fundamental foundation of a Judeo-Christian society (Critchlow 217). Because of the amendment’s backing by the Women’s Liberationists (called â€Å"women’s libbers†), right-wing ChristiansRead MoreThe Confusion Of Today s Culture1246 Words   |  5 Pagesin today’s culture about â€Å"roles† in marriage compels us to understand what unique responsibilities various cultures assign to a wife. With this, many cultures place a special emphasis on the headship granted to the husband and the role of subordination belonging to the wife. In various places, men have authority over their wives, in law and in practice. Modern values such as gender equality may be at odds with some traditions, one example being a traditional jewish marriage, which is based on the manRead MoreTrifles by Susan Glaspell: Women’s Silent Voices Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesAfter reading the play â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell, I was able to grasp the important facts about social views of women and their domestic roles. Glaspell’s play depicts the gender inequality which exists in the society, drawing significant attention to the societal values of women at that time. Although women’s roles are treated as unimportant, she depicts women’s devotion that lies with each other and emphasizes how they survive the patriarchal society. Susan Glaspell highlights the settings as theatricalRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1732 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, women’s opportunities have been determined by their wealth, position in society, and their family’s status. However, a woman’s future was not only affected by the situation she was born into, but by the choices she made, including whether she chose to marry. Women’s circumstances have been analyzed in classic as well as modern literature, including Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. While women are expected to get married and start a family rather than devote time to a high-poweredRead MoreGoddess, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Classical Women of Antiquity, written by Sarah B. Pomery1327 Words   |  5 Pagessociety of ancient Greece and Roman over a time period of fifteen hundred years. Pomery focuses on these roles and how they are significant in the development and structure of these great ancient civilization s. Her goal in writing this book was to expand upon her first book, entitled Goddesses as she discusses in the Preface of this book. She wanted to include the significance of all women’s roles beyond just that of Olympian women because the first thesis was so well received. Pomery begins the

Finance in Tesco Essay - 2612 Words

Liquidity plays an important role in the success or failure of business. In UK, 75-80% businesses collapse not because they are unprofitable but because of liquidity. For running a business successfully, plans have to be prepared to cope with the changing needs and these must be capable of modification. It is not good to wait until the end of the financial year to discover that the plan started to go wrong 11 months ago. For this purpose managers need information quickly, accurately and this information must reach to the concerned persons directly. They require financial analysis carried out weekly or monthly at least. Availability of funds is prerequisite to start any business. Most important sources of funds available to the†¦show more content†¦So these term loans can be quite reasonable and flexible as to conditions. Long term loan can be achieved in the form of debenture which is in fact a document stating the number of units and due dates to be repaid. * Loan notes These are the form of Loans as they are divided into units usually to be traded on Exchange. Their values change according to the business promotion and change in interest rates. In UK and USA these are known as bonds. Tesco Plc For the current assignment I am going to select Tesco Plc. That small business started in 1919 is become Europe’s largest grocery known as TESCO Plc. Tesco stores (holdings) were re-established in 1981 known as Tesco Plc. They popularized their slogan ‘Every little helps’ and they introduced a new value range in after 1991 (Tesco 2010). With the start of new Century, with the increasing trend of online shopping Tesco started its website and provided its customers with online shopping facilities and expanded its business on international level such as United States, China, India, South Korea, Japan, Turkey, and Czech Republic. Company provided a variety of products to get more popularity, for example, Tesco broadband, personal finance, clothing, Tesco Direct involving home furnishing and products, and music download industry (Tesco 2010). 2.1 A Rationale for Choice of Tesco The reasons for the selection of Tesco are recentShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Finance Department of Tesco773 Words   |  4 PagesThe Finance Department of Tesco Tesco started of as a soletrader, its finance functions were carried out by Jack Cohen. A finance function is to raise enough finance to be able to afford to carry out the business, also to cost and price the product. Now as tesco is a larger PLC (public limited company) its functions are carried out by departments were the finance director is responsible for, Mr. Andrew Higginston. The finance department based at tescos is now the centralRead MoreInternal And External Sources Of Finance For Tesco P4978 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Internal and external sources of finance for Tesco Internal sources of finance (Tesco) Retained earnings: A source of finance used by Tesco is retained earnings. Tesco re-invest a certain percentage of their end of the year profits back into Tesco, so they can improve it. Each year Tesco decide how much money they re-invest, this depends on the profit they make. Fixed assets: Another type of an internal source of finance for Tesco is fixed assets. Fixed assets are an asset that is not consumerRead MoreHow functional areas link1130 Words   |  5 Pageswithin Tesco. The functional areas in any business can’t work alone; they must interact with other departments and have good communications within them. Most functional areas in Tesco deal with external people or organisations, these are called external links. For example, suppliers, which are usually contacted by the purchasing or production function to make orders; the RD department then contacts specialist suppliers and research if the products they offer are of good quality; the finance departmentRead MoreTescos Functional Areas1270 Words   |  6 PagesTesco’s key functional areas Functional areas In all companies there are many different tasks which need to be carried out regularly, in order for the business to reach its aims and objectives. Stock needs to be brought, the bills and finances need to be controlled, and customer service issues dealt with and so on. In a small organisation one or two people may do all the jobs, whereas in a large organisation people have to be specialized in many different individual tasks. In a large companyRead Morebusne1365 Words   |  6 PagesDue 7/02/2014 Aim The aim of this report is to analysis a case study about an organization called Tesco. In this analysis, I will discuss the purpose of the key business function in the organization. Furthermore, I will analyze the power-grid interest of Tesco’s stakeholder. In addition, I will analyze the key issue in the managing stakeholder. Finally, I will show a SWOT analysis of Tesco. Introduction The business industry is getting wider and competitive. According to HannaganRead MoreBtec First Business -Unit 1 P41654 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resources †¢ Finance †¢ Distribution In task 3 I will be explaining how 4 functional areas have a role in the aims and objectives of Tesco. Tesco is a business that always wants to make profit as an aim. The marketing department will go out and see what consumers are looking for, it might be child toys or adult electronics, and then the sales department will go and increase prices or sell more of the products. Profit can link to the functional area: finance. To be able increaseRead MoreTesco1411 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribe the contribution of the key business functions to the changes implemented in the organization. (Finance, Marketing, Operations, and Human Resources). Also, it will explain the key stakeholders of the organization and the key issues in managing stakeholders. Furthermore, it will include a SWOT analysis and a Power and Interest Matrix about Tesco. Business functions In the case study of Tesco, it is stated that they will appoint more staff to win their customers back. This step is related toRead MoreTesco s An Online Retailing Service1630 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Tesco PLC is a multinational corporation that sells food and non-food products to consumers. Being one of the largest food retailers in the world (Brand Finance, 2014). It now operates over 7,599 stores that include franchises. With over 500,000+ employees worldwide in 12 different counties, that includes the UK, Czech Republic, Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Slovakia, Turkey and Poland in Europe, along with India, Malaysia, China, South Korea and Japan in Asia (Tesco, 2014). Tesco was foundedRead MoreEvaluation Of The Appropriateness Of Business Information1040 Words   |  5 PagesAn evaluation of the appropriateness of business information used to make strategic decisions. TESCO: Finance: Finance function includes keeping the records of financial activity, for example, sales made by the business. It provides managers with information that they can use in decision making, for example, the cost of creating products. The chief accountant supervises the work of the accounts department. The managers need to be constantly aware. Accounts can be divided into two sections:Read MoreQuestions On Sources Of Finance1696 Words   |  7 PagesIn this assignment, four different sources of finance preferably two short term and two long term sources of funding will be discussed and identified. Secondly, it will also talk about and select to non-financial companies listed on the London Stock Exchange and will find their most current financial statements based on the last 5 years. I have selected Tesco and Sainsbury’s as my two non financial companies. Thirdly, I will then define and converse the pros and cons of each source of funding and

At the Edge of the Earth Free Essays

Below the snowline is a treeless zone of alpine pastures that have for generations been used for the summer grazing of goats and cattle. Agriculture is confined to the valleys and foothills, with fruit growing and viticulture on some sunny slopes. Further down the mountin normal plants still cannot grow only plants that are adapted to the cold are able to grow. We will write a custom essay sample on At the Edge of the Earth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forests of the pine trees grow higher up the mountain where it is colder. Forest of broad-leaved trees and a wide range of other vegetation grow at the base of the mountain. Typically in mountain ranges it is high on the mountaintop. It is so cold that plants cannot grow here. There is only snow and bare rock. Summit regions above 3000 m (about 9800 ft) are glaciated. Peaks and crests, however, rise above the ice, displaying jagged shapes (tooth like horns, needles, and knife-edged ridges). About 2 % of the total area of the Alps is covered in ice. The longest valley glacier, the aletsch Glacier in the Bernese Alps, is 18 km (11ml) long. My great grandfather used to be a farmer but nowadays people in this area are no longer relaying on agriculture. Now people tend to work in the tourist industry and farmland has been give up to build ski slopes and lodges. Older people feel that the area has lost its natural beauty but most of their income comes from the tourist industry. Oak, hornbeam, and pie trees dominate the warm foothill zones, and sheltered valleys opening onto the Upper Italian Lakes abound with subtropical vegetation. A region of beech forests encompasses the cooler zone and grades at higher elevations into the fir and spruce belt. Mountain maple, spruce, and larch extend to the timberline. Living in mountainous regions can bring problems with individual isolated areas separated by mountains and rivers. In past times communications would have been a problem but since 1981 tunnels have been built linking areas. Higher areas in Fold Mountains like the Alps are not available to live because of the jagged ice and it is to cold. Traditionally the economy has relayed on farming and forestry. Alpine pastures have been used for grazing goats and cattle below the snow line. Life has however changed in the Alps tourism has brought with it both benefits and problems. 50 million people visit the Alps every year. The attraction is mainly winter ski-ing. To cater for all these people forests have to be mown down to make room for the ski slopes and lodges for people o stay in. Effects of tourism include erosion and acid rain from the many vehicles. Areas of this nature are prone to avalanches. Benefits and problems can also be seen with the tunnels. There have been numerous accidents in the tunnels. Recently two trucks collided and exploded in the St. Gothard tunnel as a result a hundred people are missing. Long alpine tunnels are crucial in modern living but accidents have left officials questioning them. A distinctive Alpine pastoral economy that evolved through the centuries has been modified since the 19th century by industry based on indigenous raw materials, such as the industries in the Mur and Murz valleys of the southern Austria that used iron ore from deposits near Eisenerz. Hydroelectric power development at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, often involving many different watersheds, led to the establishment in the lower valleys of electricity-dependent industries, manufacturing such products as aluminium, chemicals, and specialty steels. Tourism, which began in the 19th century in a modest way, has become, since the end of World War II, a mass phenomenon. Thus, the Alps have become a summer and winter playground for millions of European urban dwellers and annually attract tourists from around the world. Because of this enormous human impact on a fragile and ecological environment, the Alps are the most threatened mountain system in the world. The first of the great tunnels through the Alps, the Mount Cenis tunnel between France and Italy, was built between 1857 and 1870 and opened in 1871. The St Gotthard line, with its spiral tunnel approaches at Goschenen, was built between 1872 and 1882. The Arlberg tunnel in the southwest Austria, connecting Vorarlberg with the Tyrol, dates from 1884, and the Simplon rail tunnel, the longest in the world, was built between 1898 and 1906. Construction of a new St Gotthard rail link began in 1990 with a 20-year completion schedule. Swift road travel between Italy and Germany became possible during World War II, when the totalitarian regimes of these countries linked their new motorway networks over the Fern and Brenner passes. The road tunnel under Mont Blanc was opened in 1965. Many truck roads now cross the Alps, such as the main motorway route from Switzerland to Italy, which runs from Zurich past the Walensee and the town of Chur. Causes: * Heavy snowfall compressing and adding weight to the earlier falls, especially on windward slopes. * Steep slopes of over 25 degrees where stability is reduced and friction is more easily overcome. * A sudden increase in temperature, especially on the south-facing slopes and, in the Alps, under fohn wind conditions. * Heavy rain falling upon snow (more likely in Scotland than in the Alps) * Deforestation, partly for new ski runs, which reduces slope stability. * Vibrations triggered by off-piste skiers, any nearby traffic and more dangerously, earth movements. * Very long, cold, dry winters followed by heavy snowfalls in spring. Under theses conditions, earlier falls of snow will turn into ice over which later falls will slide (some local people perceive this to pose the greatest avalanche risk). Consequences: Avalanches can block roads and railways, cut off power supplies and telecommunications and, under extreme conditions, destroy buildings and cause loss of life. Between 1980 and 1991 there were, in Alpine Europe alone 1210-recorded deaths. How to cite At the Edge of the Earth, Papers

Theorizing Damage Through Reproductive Torts

Question: Discuss about the Theorizing Damage Through Reproductive Torts. Answer: Introduction: Trevor is the owner of and takes people on tour walk in Bunya Mountains. Anna went on a walk, fell down, and hurt her under the consumption of wine. Anna wants to sue Trevor on grounds of negligence. Is Trevor liable? Rules: English Law of tort embodies a persons civil liabilities towards one another. When one person breaches the duty of care towards the other, he faces liability for negligence (Chamallas 2015). According to the law of tort, there are few essential requirements as to it: Breach of duty Duty of care The harm must not be too distant a corollary of breach Breach causing harm in fact Duty of care stands for the fact when a person is held liable for his act which in turn has caused harm to another person. The extent of care should be such that the injured person finds it appropriate. In the Court of law the injured person should prove that he has faced injury and is liable to damages. There must be existence of contractual relationship between two individuals for the duty of care to exist. Here the manufacturers did not have a contractual relationship with the consumers but still owes a duty of care towards them (Keating 2015). According to Theory of social contract the individuals in a society owes a sense of responsibility towards each other. In the Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 the concept of negligence was clearly defined and established. It is the landmark judgment in tort of negligence. The House of Lords apprehended that a person will owe a duty of care towards the other in the journey of their action (Deakin, Johnston and Markesinisc 2012). In accorda nce to this, let us take into consideration the famous case of Donoghue v Stevenson[1932]UKHL 100, which lays the foundation of English tort law and Scot Delict law by the House of Lords. In this case, tort of negligence and duty of care is established. When we look into this particular case, Donoghue buys a bottle of ginger beer from a shop. She drinks the beer and falls unwell; because there was a dead snail in the bottle of beer which she neither was aware off . Even the shopkeeper from whom she bought the beer was unaware of it. Donoghue decides to sue the ginger beer manufacturer, Stevenson as in this situation she could not sue the shopkeeper, who was even unaware of the fact. When put before the House of Lords it was decided that, the manufacturer was at fault and he owed a duty of care towards the consumer. The manufacturer breached duty of care and is it foreseeable because its the duty of a manufacture to ensure the quality of a product, which may cause harm to consumers o n consumption. Previously, before Donoghue v Stevenson it was held that where there is personal injury inflicted on a person whether directly or indirectly is not liable in tort of negligence. It was held that consumption of a noxious substance which caused injury to the consumer is liable not to tortuous claims. However, in this case a substantially different decision has been taken where it was held that Donoghue is liable to tortuous claims not the grounds of strict liability (direct physical contact that requires bodily injuries) but common law of tort and delict. Donoghue was liable to claim damages for injury under Tort of negligence. Lord Macmillan in this case held that law would not be liable for claims abruptly. Where there will be a carelessness, which has caused damage then only the duty of care will arise. In this scenario, Lord Macmillan said that the manufacturer should not have kept the bottle in a place where snails could have an access to it. It was also said in th is case that the consumer and the manufacturer is in a contract of sale. Though Donoghue is not by contract of sale by the manufacturer, her friend was, so Donoghue was liable to claim damages for negligence. Thus, Stevenson being the manufacturer of food and drink Company owes a duty of care towards the consumers who faced reasonable injury, which is enforceable by law. Therefore, it is held in this case that the appellant was liable to damages arising out of injury and there was breach of duty of trust on part of the manufacturer, which makes him liable (Eades 2015). In the case of Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd[1970] UKHL 2 the court enlarged the extent of negligence and the duty of care towards the individuals. In the case of Anns v Merton London Borough Council[1978] A.C. 728 the House of Lords provided the investigation of theory of negligence and duty of care. The test is referred to as the Anns Test or the two-stage test (Guay and Cummins 2013). Many countries apply this test in dealing with cases relating to tort of negligence. These two conditions are used to see the duty of care that exists between the defendant and claimant in relation to the closeness of foreseeing the situation and considering the fact that there should have been a duty of care among the individuals (Eggen 2015). In the case of Bolton v. Stone[1951] AC 850, [1951] 1 All ER 1078 it was held by the Court that the defendant was not found guilty of negligence and even there was not breach of duty on part of the defendant. The damage that was faced by the plaintiff is not something, which was foreseeable act in the course action of the defendant. The cricket ball, which hit Mrs. Stone while she was standing outside her house did hit with sufficient force that could cause damage to a person. The learned Court held that the plaintiff is not liable to damages because the situation that arise could not by any means was foreseeable danger (Gifford and Robinette). Contributory negligence is the law in which if the injured party did a failure on his part and act prudently it will be considered to a contributory injury that he had suffered. In law if a person is not at fault he will not be liable to pay damages. Yet again let us consider the case of Nettleship v Weston[1971] 2 QB 691, where Nettleship is the plaintiff and Weston is the defendant. The plaintiff was promised to teach Mrs. Weston to drive her husbands car. In one of a situation, it happened that the defendant not having good driving skills met with an accident, which caused harm to the plaintiff. The defendant now argued that the court should make allowance for her as she was not an expert driver. The Court of Appeal consisting of Lord DenningMR,SalmonLJandMegawLJ said that as the driver was inexperienced and did not have proper driving skills raises the question of complicated shifting standards. Salmon LJ held that in a situation where the plaintiff was aware of the fact that the defendant did not have proper driving skills makes the plaintiff responsible of the accident. Furthermore, the instructor is always in partial control of the car and should be well aware of the skills of the driver. Thus was held that the plaintiff was liable to damages due to contributory negligence (Goudkamp and Ihuoma 2016). Application: In our case of Anna and Trevor, we see that there has been contributory negligence. When we apply the case of Donoghue v Stevenson, we see that that there was negligence on part of the manufacturer of beer and thus he was liable to pay damages. The manufacturer of a Company owes a duty of care towards his consumers. Thus, the manufacturer was liable to pay damages to the plaintiff who suffered injury. However, in the case of Anna and Trevor there was contributory negligence on part of Trevor. To develop this we consider the case of Bolton v Stone where the defendant was not liable to pay Mrs. Stone because the incident, which took place, was not something, which could be easily foreseeable. In the case of Nettleship v Weston the court held that the plaintiff was liable to contributory negligence. The incident was something, which was not foreseeable but the plaintiff was in partial control of the car and should have shown enough care because the defendant was learning dr iving and the car should not have been in his control totally. The instructor was in partial control of the car so is liable to pay damages under contributory negligence (Little et al. 2014). When we apply these case studies in the case of Anna and Trevor we see that Trevor is liable to pay damages under the rule of contributory negligence. Trevor had a duty of care towards the people he has taken for the walk in the hills especially at the time when he it was already dark and he knew people faces accident in the dark while walking in the jungle. Anna should have worn heels and short skirt when it was directed by Trevor not to wear such clothes and shoes. She faced an injury also because of negligence on her part. Trevor is liable to pay contributory damages. Moreover, she was under the consumption of alcohol and feeling tipsy and she feel down. Had she not consumed alcohol she would not faced the accident like a person of prudence. Conclusion: Anna is liable to get damages from Trevor based on the law of contributory negligence. He liable to pay damages because he owed a duty of care towards the people he had taken for a walk. References: Chamallas, M. (2015). Theorizing Damage Through Reproductive Torts.Jotwell: J. Things We Like, 88. Deakin, S. F., Johnston, A., Markesinis, B. S. (2012).Markesinis and Deakin's tort law. Oxford University Press. Eades, R. W. (2015).Torts Involving Personal Property(Vol. 1). Jury Instructions on Damages in Tort Actions. Eggen, J. M. (2015). Mental Disabilities and Duty in Negligence Law: Will Neuroscience Reform Tort Doctrine?.Indiana Health Law Review,12, 591. Gifford, D. G., Robinette, C. J. (2014). Apportioning liability in Maryland tort cases: Time to end contributory negligence and joint and several liability.Maryland Law Review,73, 2013-61. Goudkamp, J., Ihuoma, M. (2016). A Tour of the Tort of Negligence. Guay III, G. E., Cummins, R. (2013).Tort Law for Paralegals. Pearson Higher Ed. Iacobucci, E. M., Trebilcock, M. J. (2016). An economic analysis of waiver of tort in negligence actions.University of Toronto Law Journal,66(2), 173-196. Keating, G. (2015). Is Negligence Law Less Objective than We Think.Jotwell: J. Things We Like, 137. Little, J. W., Lidsky, L. B., O'Connell, S. C., Lande, R. H. (2014).Torts: Theory and Practice. LexisNexis.

Rocket Flight free essay sample

Rocket FlightWhat is a rocket?A rocket is a missile or aircraft that produces thrust by burning fuel and using propellants. It is different from a jet engine as it stores all of the fuel it needs, whereas jets and aeroplanes need oxygen from air to work. This is why rockets can travel out of the earths atmosphere whereas jets cannot. Rockets have a variety of purposes, including:Space explorationLaunching of satellitesNuclear warfare(Only recently) Commercial cargo transportation and private space toursHow does a rocket fly?Rockets use Isaac Newtons 3rd law of motion to fly; For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The rocket ignites its fuel, and it all pushes downwards, as the opposite reaction pushes the rocket upwards. This is known as thrust. Their slim, aerodynamic design and incredible fuel capacity allows rockets to travel at great speeds for a sustained period of time. We will write a custom essay sample on Rocket Flight or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is the difference between solid fuel and liquid fuel boosters? Give examples of both and list what they are used for.Both solid and liquid fuel is used in large rockets, however at different times of the flight. Solid fuel, typically a mixture of oxidisers and aluminium oxide, begins as a liquid and is poured into the boosters. Over a few days it hardens and is ready to be used. The advantages of solid fuel is that it is cheaper than its liquid counterpart and provides greater thrust, however it cannot be controlled; once it is ignited, it cant be stopped. Thus, NASA, and the ESA use solid fuel to do the majority of the work into getting rockets into orbit.However, if solid fuel was to be used as the sole propellant, the rocket and payload would be torn to shreds by the exceptional speed. So instead they combine liquid fuel and typically liquid oxygen to propel the rocket during the later stages of the flight. This can be easily throttled, allowing the rockets speed to be controlled.Who was Wernher von Braun? Write a short biography of his life.Dr Wernher von Braun was a highly influential rocket developer and space explorer in the 20th century. In his early years he was fascinated by the possibilities of space exploration, and as a result studied calculus and trigonometry in order to understand the physics of rockets. After studying engineering at the University of Berlin, he was employed by the German army in 1932, developing liquid fuelled rockets. Von Brauns team created the V-2 ballistic missile, the worlds first long range guided military missile. Measuring at over fourteen metres tall and weighing an enormous twelve tons, it was first launched in 1942 during the Second World War.Knowing the Allies were on the approaching the rocket complex, von Braun moved south to Bavaria before he was eventually captured by the Americans. For fifteen years von Braun worked for the U.S. army in Texas, their military wanting ballistic missiles for themselves. In 1950, his team of 125 was moved to Alabama and designed the Jupiter and Redstone ballistic missiles, as well as three launch vehicles (rockets used to send a payload into space). The Jupiter C, designed by von Brauns team, was the first rocket to carry a satellite into space.From then on, von Braun went on to write several books and articles based on space exploration, becoming a prominent advocate for the subject. He became NASAs director of the Marshall Space Flight Centre, and died in 1977. Ultimately, Wernher von Braun had a considerable influence on the design, uses and application of rockets in his time, and laid the groundwork for space exploration in the future.Why do you think the scientists were taken by the allies after WW2?The scientists were obviously very knowledgeable and skilful in creating rockets for warfare, and the Allies wanted these scientists to create rockets for themselves. From the Allies perspective, the scientists were valuable assets for the war, and the Allies didnt want to be left behind in the creation of lethal rockets. What sort of fuel does NASA use to launch their rockets?NASA uses both solid and liquid fuel to propel their rockets into orbit. The most common solid propellant NASA uses, according to NASAs Chief of exploration vehicle officer Bryan K Smith, is a mix of Ammonium Perchlorate and Powdered Aluminium, pre-mixed to form a rubber like substance stored in the boosters. The most effective liquid propellant NASA use is liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen that is mixed in flight when needed.What is a payload? Give an example.The payload of a rocket is dependant on the rockets mission, however in general the payload of a rocket is the portion the completes the purpose of the rocket. For example, the most common payload of a rocket is a satellite. Exploration rockets payloads can be humans or various recording equipment, whereas the payload of an offensive rocket would be its nuclear warhead. Who was the first man in space?Not to be confused with the first man on the moon, Neil Armstrong, the first person in space was cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. He entered space on April 12th 1961, and his 108 minute flight earned him the admirable title of first man in space. Opinion: Commercial space flightI believe that space travel will one day become as common as airline travel is today. Im convinced, however, that the true future of space travel does not lie with government agencies NASA is still obsessed with the idea that the primary purpose of the space program is science but real progress will come from private companies competing to provide the ultimate adventure ride, and NASA will receive the trickle-down benefits.- BUZZ ALDRINIts being labelled the space race of the 21st century, as private businesses are in competition to introduce the world to commercial space flight. Companies such as Virgin Galactic, Blue Origins and SpaceX are currently trialling the possibilities of laun ching cost effective rockets for private purposes, however there is a cloud of doubt over its impact. The innovation can allow high paying customers to experience space first hand, as well as privately transport cargo to and from the international space station. SpaceX have the ultimate goal is to be able to colonise other planets, however possible environmental and martial consequences may shadow the commercial benefits.CEO of Virgin Galactic Richard Branson has announced plans to send tourists into space this year. In 2017 he said I think Id be very disappointed if were not into space with a test flight by the end of the year and Im not into space myself next year. His space test flights have produced groundbreaking results since, and with around 500 potential customers reserving a spot, it appears private space tourism could become a new, lucrative industry. Despite a hefty cost of $350,000 AUD per person, this business has potential to attract major tourism while allowing the lucky few to experience outer space, benefiting all involved. It seems unlikely that the price for orbital travel will remain that high, and as it decreases, the demand and market will increase. A 2013 report funded by the Federal Aviation and Administration Office * predicted that the space tourism industry, with sufficient public support, could eclipse 1. 6 billion dollars in revenue in the next ten years (as of 2012). Ultimately, the prospect of the future space tourism industry is capable of reaping many financial gains and overall benefit the many involved.*(http://www.nss.org/transportation/Suborbital_Reusable_Vehicles_A_10_Year_Forecast_of_Market_Demand.pdf)While cost effective suborbital travel opens possibilities for tourism, it simultaneously could deem a wide range of offensive martial options feasible. In the past, high launch costs have restricted use of rockets for military purposes. In the words of Todd Harrison, a defense budget analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington; One of the reasons we have not weaponized space before now is that it did not make sense to do so, it was too expensive relative to the terrestrial alternatives, [and] all the new military space missions that could become cost-feasible to the US could become cost-feasible for other countries, and create a lot of challenges. As the lead author of a recent report on low cost space access, it outlines that rockets are capable of launching missiles at satellites or targets on the ground, possibly with nuclear warheads. The rockets can then be more or less reused and the process can be repeated. Offensive missiles can be intercepted and troops and supplies could even be transported to anywhere in the world within 45 minutes. These offensive options combined with recent government instability across the globe is a recipe for disaster.Our aspirational goal is to send our first cargo mission to Mars in 2022 †¦ and eventually a self sustaining civilisation SpaceX Cheaper space exploration and payload launches opens the door towards colonising other planets, in particular Mars. The more cost effective rockets become, the more exploring and testing can be done with the ultimate goal to create a sustainable civilisation. Transportation of cargo would become significantly less expensive, and low overall cost allows the process to be performed much quicker. The exciting prospect of living on another planet has a range of advantages, including the potential for groundbreaking scientific discoveries, diplomatic rewards and another home for human life if needed in the unpredictable future. Most of all it is a challenge, what we, as humans, thrive on. Reaching the pinnacle of human achievement has always been our focus. Commercial companies are inching closer to that dream every day, progressing our society as a whole.With the increase of launches that cost effective rockets bring, long term damage to the environment becomes an alarming consequence. Rocket engines emit reactive gases that cause ozone particles to break apart. The particles of aluminium oxide and soot that are also released act as a catalyst, increasing the rate in which the ozone is destroyed. A report on the topic in 2009 revealed that rockets are responsible for approximately 1% of ozone depletion, however with the new space race fast approaching, and the lucrative business of commercial space flight, it is predicted that; If left unregulated, rocket launches by the year 2050 could result in more destruction that was ever caused by CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons, formerly used in aerosols). Prof. Darin Toohey of Colorado Boulders oceanic and atmospheric department. This isnt urgent, but if we wait 30 years it will be.Ultimately, cost effective space flight opens the door to a wide range of possibilities, whether it be in space tourism, scientific exploration or the goal of colonisation on other planets. However, it also allows the abuse of such technology, for warfare. As predicted, the increase of rocket launches could damage the environment greatly in the future, so there are many pros and cons to be considered in relation to cost effective rockets.Bibliography Csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://csis-prod. s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/170316_Harrison_UltraLowCostAccess_Web.pdf?LPQ6EI200hsZglqXWA8bYrdWflQ4ucPJ [Accessed 13 Feb. 2018].Dann, F. (2016). Why the U.S. Government Brought Nazi Scientists to America After World War II. [online] Smithsonian. Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/why-us-government-brought-nazi-scientists-america-after-world-war-ii-180961110/ [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Davies, A. (2012). Wealthy Adventurers Could Turn Space Travel Into A $1.6 Billion Industry. [online] Business Insider Australia. Available at: https://www. businessinsider.com.au/space-tourism-to-generate-16-billion-2012-10?r=US [Accessed 18 Feb. 2018].Encyclopedia.com. (2018). Liquid vs. Solid Fuels Dictionary definition of Liquid vs. Solid Fuels | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary. [online] Available at: http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/liquid-vs-solid-fuels [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].European Space Agency. (2018). Solid and liquid fuel rockets. [online] Available at: http://m.esa.int/Education/Solid_and_liquid_fuel_rockets4 [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Extreme Machines Rockets. (2015). [Video] Available at: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=cPDjykCXUnw.Fernholz, T. (2018). Reusable rockets could disrupt the space industry, and not always in a good way. [online] Quartz. Available at: https://qz.com/944145/reusable-rockets-could-disrupt-the-space-industry-and-not-always-in-a-good-way/ [Accessed 27 Feb. 2018].Forum. nasaspaceflight.com. (2018). Finally, Liquid or solid propellant engine?!. [online] Available at: https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index. php?topic=23243.0[Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].I2.wp.com. (2018). [online] Available at: https://i2.wp.com/www.7continents5oceans.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Effects-of-ozone-layer-depletion.jpg?resize=553,370 [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018]. Mail Online. (2017). Virgin Galactic to be open for business in 2018 with flights THIS year. [online] Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4374866/Richard-Branson-s-space-plans-Virgin-Galactic-open-2018. html[Accessed 17 Feb. 2018].Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. (2009). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). [online] Available at: https://www.pca. state.mn.us/air/chlorofluorocarbons-cfcs-and-hydrofluorocarbons-hfcs [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].NASA. (2018). Biography of Wernher Von Braun. [online] Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/vonbraun/bio.html [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].NASA. (2018). Space Shuttle and International Space Station. [online] Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/information/shuttle_faq.html [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].NASA. (2018). What Is a Rocket?. [online] Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-a-rocket-58.html [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018]. Rastogi, N. (2018). What impact do rockets have on the environment?. [online] Slate Magazine. Available at: http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_green_lantern/2009/11/dirty_rockets. html [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Redcolony.com. (2018). Why Colonize Mars? Red Colony. [online] Available at: http://www. redcolony.com/features.php?name=whycolonizemars [Accessed 2 Mar. 2018].ScienceDaily. (2018). Rocket Launches May Need Regulation To Prevent Ozone Depletion, Says Study. [online] Available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090331153014.htm [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Scientific American. (2018). What kind of fuel do rockets use and how does it give them enough power to get into space?. [online] Available at: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-kind-of-fuel-do-rock/ [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Space.com. (2011). What the Next 50 Years Hold for Human Spaceflight. [online] Available at: https://www.space.com/11364-human-space-exploration-future-50-years-spaceflight.html [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018]. Space.com. (2012). Yuri Gagarin: First Man in Space | The Greatest Moments in Flight. [online] Available at: https://www.space.com/16159-first-man-in-space. html [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Space.com. (2017). SpaceX: First Private Flights to Space Station. [online] Available at: https://www. space.com/18853-spacex.html [Accessed 26 Feb. 2018].Space.com. (2018). Commercial Space Travel May Bring Science Benefits, Advocates Say. [online] Available at: https://www.space.com/16228-nasa-commercial-human-spaceflight-benefits.html [Accessed 1 Mar. 2018].Space. com. (2018). Virgin Galactic Aims to Fly Space Tourists in 2018, CEO Says. [online] Available at: https://www.space.com/36654-virgin-galactic-fly-space-tourists-2018.html [Accessed 17 Feb. 2018].Spaceflightsystems.grc.nasa.gov. (2018). Payload Systems. [online] Available at: https://spaceflightsystems.grc.nasa.gov/education/rocket/payload.html [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018].Spacefuture. com. (2012). Space Future The Economic Benefits of Space Tourism. [online] Available at: http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/the_economic_benefits_of_space_tourism.shtml [Accessed 18 Feb. 2018].SpaceX. (2018). Company. [online] Available at: http://www.spacex.com/about [Accessed 1 Mar. 2018].Suborbital Reusable Vehicles: A 10-Year Forecast of Market Demand. (2012). [ebook] Florida, p.13. Available at: http://www.nss.org/transportation/Suborbital_Reusable_Vehicles_A_10_Year_Forecast_of_Market_Demand.pdf.

Bioinformatics essays

Bioinformatics essays BIOINFORMATICS Bioinformatics is the field of science in which biology; computer science and IT combine to form a single discipline. Bioinfomatics involves biology, which encompasses the study of proteins generated from sequence of genes and from which, all living organisms are composed. Computer science in Bioinfomatics helps to predict 3d structure of proteins, amino acid sequence, functions of proteins with the help of algorithms and data banks Information technology has proved to be boon in research area of Bioinformatics by providing tools to share the useful information universally accessible and retrievable through Internet. The emerging field of Bioinformatics uses information storage, data analysis and clusters for large scale computing to deal with the mass of information on decoded genes. Bioinformatics will permit the rational creation of new crops, and in general accelerate the unraveling of fundamental biological processes Bioinfomatics, the use of computers in biology research, has been increasing in importance during the past decade as the Human Genome Project went from its beginning to the announcement of a draft of the complete sequence of human DNA Bioinfomatics is proved to be a blessing in the fields of drug design, medicine agriculture and genetic therapy Bioinfomatics has both the immediate potential to produce economically important spin-offs and the lotaent possibility of far reaching positive effects on the world society and markets. WHAT IS BIOINFORMATICS? RELATED TERMS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY DNA MOLECULE DNA TO PROTEIN CONVERSION ...

Andromeda Strain And Virus Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Andromeda Strain And Virus Evolution - Essay Example To some extent this is a theme in Michael Crichton's novel the Andromeda Strain, where a team of scientists must try to prevent the outbreak of a rapidly evolving extraterrestrial virus. The virus remains one step ahead of them for most of the book. While this is only a novel, it has real world counterparts in the difficult steps taken to reduce the evolution of other real viruses. Antibiotics have caused some viruses to evolve and become less treatable. We need to take a page from this clever book and work hard to limit the evolution of real world viruses. If we do not, we may face a resurgence of diseases we once thought were eminently treatable. The Andromeda Strain is a work of science fiction, but it shows us a great deal about our own world. While it is unlikely that a virus would come from outer space, it is entirely possible that such a virus might occur from any of the viruses currently present on Earth. Due to the incredible rate of transportation and interconnectedness of the contemporary world, it will be very challenging to prevent it from rapidly spreading around the world. We must be very mindful of this as such a situation is a potential existential threat.

The effectiveness of the registered nurse managing the urinary Research Paper

The effectiveness of the registered nurse managing the urinary catheter in the adult patient. Proposal Phase - Research Paper Example Secondary data collection shall therefore be the major procedure to be used by the researcher. This is perfectly appropriate because there are several existing research works on urinary catheter that can supply the researcher with adequate and sufficient data. This notwithstanding, there shall also be primary data collection procedures. Primary data collection involves the collection of firsthand data directly by the researcher. The general steps that will be undertaken will involve the collection of data on registered nurses in the site area regarding their treatment to patients with urinary catheter. Data on the progress rate of patients as well as any reported side effects with the urinary catheter shall be collected. Hospital records and forms shall therefore be the major research instruments to use. After collecting such data, the researcher shall present all of it and use existing literature to give interpretation to the data collected. The researcher expects that the outcome o f the data collection will lead to the need to design an intervention to educate nurses further on urinary catheter. After the intervention, another set of data shall be taken on improvement rate of patients. The researcher expects that the outcome will this time round be better than before.... After the intervention, another set of data shall be taken on improvement rate of patients. The researcher expects that the outcome will this time round be better than before. Researcher’s Credentials The researcher is rightly matched for this research work. This is because the researcher is well vested in issues of urinary catheter. As a health science student, who has undertaken several clinical and on job tasks in major hospitals and clinics that practice with urinary catheter, the research has the needed knowledge in the interpretation of data and other records that will be collected from the research site. What is more, the researcher has been part of a group of researchers who have been tasked with analyzing over six previous research works on urinary catheter. This means that the researcher is privileged to needed secondary sources of data to make the qualitative research analysis more authentic and reliable. Finally, as a student, the researcher has shown consistency w ith grades in nursing care. This means that the researcher is a suitable candidate for carrying out the intended interventions in the research site area. Site & Population This is a typical clinical research that demands the use of complicated equipment, access to health records and data, and realistic personnel to supply data and information. This means that the site of the research will best be constituted at a place where the researcher shall be assured of the needed equipment, health records and personnel. To this end, an intensive care unit was chosen. The researcher is hopeful that the intensive care unit has all needed equipment on urinary catheter and records of patients, both past and present. What is more,

Comparative Analysis of English and Bade Proverbs

Comparative Analysis of English and Bade Proverbs COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND BADE PROVERBS: EXPLORING FORM AND CONTENT It is believed that there is no language without proverbs. Vulic and Zergollern in Valiulyte (2010), corroborate this notion that ‘each nation or country has its own proverbs†. Therefore, every language has its own proverbs which are used by its own speakers through many media as in literature like poetry, prose and drama and other forms of daily communication. Nevertheless, some advanced languages like English have a rich tradition of proverbs, because its proverbs have been collected and analyzed academically. This is probably due to the early civilization of the English people, and their awareness of literature and publication. Consequently, English proverbs have become richer and more widespread, unlike the ones of Bade (a local language in Yobe State, Nigeria) whose proverbs have not received any study worthy of academic recognition. The term proverb has been defined by different scholars in different perspectives. Norrick (1985) defines proverbs as self-sufficient, brief, traditional expression with advisory content and secured poetic form. Meider (1985) sees it as a short, generally known sentence which contains wisdom, truth, with memorable form and which is handed down from generation to generation. According to Tatar (1998), proverbs are concise common expressions with literal and figurative meaning. It can be understood from the above definitions that the term proverb is a terse saying that represents matters of universal truth, with a literal, figurative, or poetic structure, preserved through discourse, and passed on from one generation to another in human society. According to Meider (2004), in Dabaghi, Pishbin and Niknasab (2010), it is hard to identify the origin and history of proverbs. Nevertheless, he adds that proverbs ‘†¦ do not fall from the sky’. Therefore, he observes that there is a similar trend of emergence of proverbs in Europe, Asia, Africa and other linguistic and cultural groups. He traces the origin of European proverbs ‘back to the classical times of Greek and Roman antiquity; the Biblical era; the Medieval Latin, and the mass media’. In tracing the origin of proverbs in Persian languages, religion and literature have been recognized as two sources (Moosavi, 2000, in Dabaghi, Pishbin and Niknasab, 2010). In a rather more specific manner, Ridout and Witting (1969) link the source of modern English proverbs to popular sayings of the common man; borrowing from the Bible and other languages; wise saying of famous literary scholars; turning highly idiomatic expressions into proverbs; and, modern edu cation. Over the years, scholars have agreed that geographical location has some effects on the nature of proverbs. Brown (1983) observes that proverbs emerging from the same zone tend to have common features. The same idea may be noticed in Schuh (2005), stating that indigenous languages in Yobe State share ‘a large number of idioms, lexicon-related expressions’, just like how West African languages share ‘proverbs and riddles, songs and folktales’. Nevertheless, this does not mean that those languages may not have distinct properties that can separate them from one another as different language. Because Bade is one of the focus languages in this research, some characteristics of proverbs that are peculiar to African languages will provide the researcher with some rich data to work on. One very inconvenient aspect of this research is that while available resources on English proverbs are not hard to come by, Bade, being the other target language is badly lacking in literary resources particularly on proverbs on the one hand. On the other hand, it looks interesting that this research will set a precedent in such an area with a serious academic intent. Recently, studies on Verbal Arts posted on Yobe Language Research Project have presented a few collections of proverbs of indigenous languages, with Bole (257 proverbs),Ngizim(230 proverbs), Karekare(32 proverbs),and Ngamo(14 proverbs). In the case of Bade, its collection deals with songs and folktales, with no single proverb attached (Schuh, 2004). Other non-indigenous languages like Kanuri, Fulfulde and Hausa which Schuh sees as widely spoken in the state, are the most widely studied, with the last one topping the list with several pieces of researches about proverbs including a dictionary titled Dictionary of Hausa Proverbs. Hence, these few collections of proverbs on the indigenous languages of the study area will benefit the researcher greatly, by providing him with a platform upon which to study the Bade proverbs easily. The basic aim of this research is to analyze the form and content of English and Bade proverbs. To achieve this, the research aims to address four main questions. Firstly, it tries to determine whether English and Bade proverbs have different form. Secondly, it will address the question of whether there are similarities between the content of English and Bade proverbs. Thirdly, it seeks to establish how English and Bade proverbs are preserved .Fourthly, it will ascertain whether there are differences in terms of cultural materials involved in the construction of English and Bade proverbs. Such questions are directly linked to the main aim of this research. By looking at these differences and similarities, it will be possible to justify this analysis correctly. In order to answer these research questions correctly, theoretical framework is proposed. Initially, there is the need to clarify the variables of this research. This research has two dependent variables-form and content, which depend on the independent variable- English and Bade proverbs. It is often possible that in a piece of research like this, two theories may present better analytical ground. Therefore, I have chosen to be eclectic in method, by using more than one theory in a single research. I will use two Semantic theories: Classical Metaphor will be used to analyze form; and, Topic-Comment Structure Theory to analyze content of all the proverbs in my corpus. These analyses, upon which the remaining questions and objectives will be answered and achieved, will be used to explain the form and content of both English and Bade proverbs. The decision to propose Metaphor is very much connected to its history as having positive effects on literary studies. Norrick (1985) confirms that the essence of metaphor in studies of proverbs can be traced back to Aristotle. Saeed (2004) classifies two approaches of traditional metaphor as Classical and Romantic. He ascribes classical metaphor to Aristotle, as it describes metaphor from figurative and rhetorical perspectives. Romantic metaphor is linked to ‘eighteenth and nineteenth century Romantic’ periods, which define metaphor as possibly common material in language use (Saeed, 2004). To set a focus for the research, the researcher has chosen to position it on classical perspective which directly relates to proverbs studies. Based on classical view, it seems likely that metaphor is a universal feature of proverbs. And since proverbs are characterized by ‘rigid form’, (Norick, 1985), metaphor will be of great advantage in analyzing all the proverbs tha t have figurative form in the corpus of this research. The second theory is called Topic-Comment Structure as stated above. According to Norrick (1985), this theory is attributed to Dundes(1975).He adds that the theorist proposed it due to the disagreement of paremiologists about a unified formula to analyze the content of proverbs. Using some English proverbs such as ‘Like father like son, No rose without a thorn, and Better late than never’, Dundes suggests substitutable variables such as ‘like X like Y, no X without Y, and better x than Y’ respectively. Norrick observes that these variables can be used to substitute any expression in a proverb. Therefore, this researcher will use this theory to interpret the real content of all proverbs in the corpus. This kind of research is not rare in literary studies. Different kinds of proverb research have been conducted by many literary experts in English and other languages in the world. Shariati and Teyabi (2012), in their study A Comparative Study of Proverbs Characteristics of Mesopotamian Language, and Local Dialect of Persian indicate that research in proverbs has been carried out since ‘about 2500 BC’. However, this may not discredit this research as a mere repetition of previous works of experts. Certainly, it will make it even more interesting since so far, I have not found any serious research into Bade proverbs. With this fast growing interest in literature and publication in the age of globalization, the importance of proverbs is realized not only in literary contexts but also in media, politics, religion and several other social transactions. Meider, in Dabaghi, Pishbin and Niknasab, (2010), notes that ‘proverbs obviously contain a lot of common sense, experience, wisdom, and truth, and as such they represent ready- made traditional strategies in oral speech and writing from high literature to the mass media’. Thus, it seems reasonable that for literature to be meaningful, studies of proverbs ought to be taken as important as any other aspect of literary studies. Therefore, through this analysis, this research is set to achieve certain objectives which include the following: to define the formal pattern of English and Bade proverbs; to determine the content of English and Bade proverbs; to unveil the ways of preserving the proverbs of English and Bade; to explain the different cultural material involved in the construction of English and Bade proverbs.

Monopoly versus perfect markets Essay

This paper investigates the two extremes of market structures. A monopoly firm, and a firm which operates in a perfectly competitive market. We will compare features, similarities, differences, advantages and disadvantages. The monopoly firm I have chosen is Thames Water. This company is an accurate example, as it’s the sole supplier of the industry. The firm, is the industry. Thames Water supply water through peoples taps in and around London. Fyffe is my chosen firm in a perfectly competitive market. I think this is a good example. It sells bananas to supermarkets and food suppliers, who resell on to customers. The next two paragraphs explain the features of perfect competition, then a monopoly. â€Å"The theory of perfect competition illustrates an extreme form of capitalism. † (Sloman, 2007:113) There are many suppliers, who all only supply and produce a small fraction of the total output, of the whole industry. None of the firms have any power over the market. (Mankiw, 2001) Barriers to entry do not exist. Therefore firms can enter and leave the market freely. Apart from the money and time it takes to set up the business, there are no other obstacles. Both producers and consumers have perfect knowledge of the market. Therefore they both know prices which should be paid, quality which should be met, availability of the product. Market opportunities for expansion, and entry opportunities in the industry as a whole. The price Fyffe must charge for their bananas will depend upon the demand and supply of the whole market, not just Fyffe personal demand. Hence they have no power over prices. They must follow the market forces. (Sloman, 2007)Established firms in the banana industry have no advantage over firms who have newly entered the market. (Parkin, Powell, Matthews)â€Å"This means they can sell all the products they can produce at the market price, but none at a price which is higher. † (Sloman, 2007:114) If Fyffe raise their selling price above p1, their demand will drop to 0, because if Fyffe raise the price of their bananas, consumers will just buy from another firm selling at the current market price. Illustrated in diagram 2. (Beardshaw, 2001) All firms operating in the banana industry sell a homogenous product, all the firms in the industry sell an identical banana. The theory states there is not a great need for advertising or branding. (McConnell, 2008) I would agree with this statement in the context of bananas. Advertising is not needed as people will not look for a specific brand of banana. They all taste the same. However I think a firm in a market selling shampoos and conditioners would need a certain amount of branding and advertising so people choose their product and gain customer loyalty. In the shampoo industry products are not as homogenous. A pure monopoly owns 100% of the industry. Thames water have a great deal of power, and are price makers, thus they set the price to how much they want to charge. If the consumer cannot, or doesn’t want to pay the price, they have to go without the tap water. In the short run both perfect competition and monopolies can make economic profits, losses and supernormal profits. Only monopolies can manage to sustain super normal profits in the long run. â€Å"Persistant economic profits are called monopoly profits. † (Dobson, 2005:99) Monopolies can sustain supernormal profits and remain safe and unaffected by competition due to barriers to entry. Supply to the industry does not increase with new entrants. (Hunt, 1990). There are many types of barriers to entry. Thames water is known as a natural monopoly, meaning there are barriers to entry due to large economies of scale. (Sloman, 2007) Capital equipment is so expensive and large scale that only one sole supplier could manage to make a profit in the water industry. However Thames Water incurred low marginal costs once they are set up. â€Å"If average cost falls as output increases over the entire range of market demand its a natural monopoly. † (Dobson, 2006:100) â€Å"Each would have a very high average cost at a low output. † (Begg, 2005:134) Correspondingly Thames Water gain barriers to entry through lower costs. This is an artificial barrier. The firm is experienced in their field. Has good knowledge of their market, and will be able to gain the best rates of interest on finance, the best suppliers at the lowest costs, and lean methods of production. Other firms would struggle to compete. If a firm decided to set up and compete with Thames Water, and failed by going out of business there would be huge sunk costs. This occurs when high amounts are spent on capital expenditure, which cannot be used on another business venture. (Sloman, 2007) This is an example of exit costs. It would be a huge loss to the firm, and would discourage firms from entering the market. Thames water also have patents copywrite and licensing. The next two paragraphs explain the effect on demand for perfect competition, then a monopoly. For Fyffe the price charged for the bananas is equal to marginal revenue. Average revenue and demand are also equal to price. If average cost dips below average revenue the firm will earn supernormal profits. If demand is above where marginal costs and marginal revenue meet the firms will be making normal profit. See diagram 2. Normal profits cover opportunity costs of the owners money and time. If Fyffe set output below equilibrium marginal cost would exceed marginal revenue and profit would be lowered. If Fyffe raised output above equilibrium marginal costs would exceed marginal revenue and profits would also be lowered. See graph 1. (Dobson, 2005:99) The demand curve is elastic for the banana industry, but not perfectly elastic. Hence why it slopes downwards in diagram 1. If there is a rise in price for bananas, consumers will spend less on the product, and Fyffe will entail a fall in revenue. In contrast if the price of bananas drop, consumers will buy more of the product, and providing the firm is covering their costs they will receive an increase in revenue, because bananas can be relatively easily substituted by another cheaper fruit. Furthermore bananas will sell for a cheaper price when they are in season, due to a larger supply to the market in this period. Fyffe is perfectly elastic which is why their demand curve is horizontal. See graph 2. The firms prices are not affected by their output and their decisions do not affect the industry. (Ison, 2007) Firms must produce at equilibrium to maximise profits, which is where the market supply, meets the market demand, as illustrated in diagram 1. Short run â€Å"assumes the number of firms in the industry does not increase, as there is not enough time. † (Sloman 2007:114) When a firm produces quantity and price, where marginal costs, and average costs meet they are breaking even. See diagram 2. (Begg, 2005) Consumers are charged a price which is equal to what it costs the firm to produce the extra unit. See diagram 2. If the demand curve for bananas increases short term, the demand curve will shift to the right. See diagram 3. This results in a higher equilibrium and a higher selling price. As selling price has increased farmers will raise their output by increasing their variable costs such as labour and materials. This will result in a larger profit and profits are maximised. As illustrated in diagram 4. In contrast if the demand for bananas was to decrease, this would cause a shift to the left in the demand curve. See diagram 5. This results in a lower equilibrium for the industry, and a fall in the selling price. Consequently all firms in the industry including Fyffe would reduce output, by decreasing variable factors and the firm would suffer economic losses. As illustrated in diagram 6. (Dobson, 2005) If Fyffe or Thames Water are not covering their average total costs in the short run, they should carry on trading, but if they are not covering their short run average variable costs, it would be cheaper to temporarily close down. The theory is known as the short run supply decision. (Ison, 2007) In the long run any firm should close down if it is not covering its total average costs as it is loss making. Called the long run supply decision. (Begg, 2003) When demand increases and selling prices rise in the long term, existing firms are making supernormal profits. Several new firms will enter the market. The supply curve will shift to the right, and supply will increase, which will lower market price. As more new industries join firms reduce their output until they are making a normal profit again. Output of the whole industry will be larger now that more firms are in the market, and there is no incentive for firms to enter, or leave the market as breakeven profits are being made. Referred to as the entry or exit price. When there is a decrease in demand, prices will fall, and firms will reduce output to minimise losses. Eventually due to losses some firms will leave the market which lessens supply and the supply curve will shift to the left. This raises prices due to restricted output, and farmers will start to make normal profits again. So there are less firms and less output in the industry. (Dobson, 2005) In the long run there are no fixed costs in any industry, as firms can change their plant size or machinery. Resulting in a long run supply curve which is flatter than the short run. (Begg, 2003) If all firms operating in the industry restricted supply together increasing demand and prices, new firms would enter the market which would increase supply and lower prices. (Begg, 2005) Thames water are price inelastic, and have a low income elasticity of demand, because there are no close substitutes for their product, and water is a essential item. However they are not perfectly inelastic, as a rise in price will still amount to a small drop in quantity demanded. This means Thames water’s revenue will increase with a rise in price, and decrease with a fall in price. A profit maximising level of output is where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost but rising up to the demand curve to obtain price. See diagram 9 (Sloman, 2007) The demand curve in diagram 9 represents the value of Thames water to customers, and the marginal curve shows the costs Thames water must pay. The marginal revenue curve must lie below the downward sloping demand curve as marginal revenue is less than price. The further the distance between the demand curve on the right hand side and the marginal revenue on the left the more inelastic the demand, see diagram 9. (Dobson, 2005) ) A firm cannot produce to the right of marginal revenue as this part of the diagram is inelastic. In order for the monopolist to sell a larger amount, the price must be lowered on all previous units, so to prevent this the monopolist may restrict output to keep a larger revenue. Creating scarcity and raising the equilibrium price. (Begg, 2005) â€Å"The excess of price over marginal costs shows the monopolies power† (Dobson, 2005:102) The power to raise prices by selling a smaller amount of output. Diagrams 8, 9, and 10 show long run economic profits, normal profits and losses. Thames water will then check weather the profit maximising level of output covers their total costs in the long run and variable costs in the short run. (Begg, 2003) Thames water is not a contestable market due to the fact it’s a natural monopoly, and has very high barriers to entry. This means they can charge high prices and make supernormal profits, without the threat of competition and new entrants. (Sloman, 2007) Thames water may want to behave ethically when setting prices. If they choose too high a price which people cannot afford this could lead to poverty, but if they charge too low a price this could lead to a wastage of water. Monopolies often use price discrimination when setting prices. Although Thames water do not. Perfect competition cannot use this method. Particular consumers are charged a higher price for an identical service so the monopoly can earn higher profits. (Ison, 2007) Revenue is not lost from previously sold units when price is reduced. More output can be sold ands firms can catch some of their consumer surpluses. See diagram 12. â€Å"Surpluses are the difference between actual price paid and what consumers will have been willing to pay. † â€Å"So the business is treating the demand curve as the marginal revenue curve† (Ison, 2007:138) Only works when consumers cannot buy the product for a cheaper price and sell on to others. (Begg, 2005) A firm operating in perfect competition will achieve allocative efficiency. This exists when price is equal to marginal costs. â€Å" Society is better off when resources are allocated to maximise the total surplus in the market. † (Dobson, 2005:91) Productive efficiency will also be achieved, meaning Fyffe will produce and sell their output for the lowest price they can in the long run giving consumers the best possible value for money. â€Å"Price equals minimum average total cost. † (Dobson, 2005:92) This is good for consumers and society as consumers get the best possible value for money. (Sloman, 2007) Perfectly competitive markets are critised for having a lack of variety, unable to fully satisfy consumers wants and needs. Furthermore the long term entry and exit of firms can be a waste of certain resources such as empty buildings. This is called competitive forces in action. (Dobson, 2005) Monopoly’s are in a position to give us a lower price if they decide to, due to economies of scale. The marginal cost curve is lower than the supply curve in their graph which means the firm can supply more output at a lower production cost. Supernormal profits can fund research and development which will improve the quality of the product. Therefore the monopoly can innovate and introduce new products. (Ison, 2007) However some firms may not do this as they do not need to fight to stay in the industry, with no competition around. (Mankiw, 2001) Joseph Schumpeter said in theory monopolies have more ability and incentive to innovate which can make them better for society. If you imagine a whole industry was taken over by a monopolist, they could eliminate competition and charge very high prices, by reducing output level to which raises price. Supernormal profits represent a redistribution of income from consumer to producer which can be critised on equity grounds† (Ison, 2007:137) Monopoly firms have been known to â€Å"engage in dirty tricks to protect themselves from competition. † They do not produce an output which minimises average costs. Making them productively efficient. â€Å"Perfect competition is rare due to larger companies expanding, gaining economies of scale and market power. Resulting in other firms being forced of the business. So if economies of scale did not exist any industry could have perfect competition. † (Dobson, 2006:94) Monopolies are also rare, and both are extremes of market structures. Most firms lie somewhere between the two. I think the two firms I picked are a fair comparism. They are both from a mixed economy. Thames water will have regulating agencies monitoring them. There are only 3 legal monopolies in Britain Thames Water included. In the past there was a significant amount of monopolies which were government owned. When Margaret Thatcher came into power she privitised these firms as she believed competition would lead to greater efficiency and lower prices which would benefit society as a whole. I agree with her decision and I think after researching, perfect competition appears to be the better option for consumers. Monopolys benefit society in certain situations such as retained profits ploughed back into research and development for medical reasons, and natural monopolies who could not survive in a perfectly competitive industry. Monoplies and perfect competition are becoming more rare as time goes on and who knows what will happen in the future.

An Analysis of Leadership Models

Models and their Influence on Educational Leadership Pamela Lee University of Phoenix An Analysis of Leadership Models Although there is no conclusive, comprehensive definition of leadership, there has been advances in researching leadership theories that have been uncovered and carried out over the last 200 years. In the late sass, the trait theory permeated the leadership theory. The World War era saw the beginning of the contingency/situation leadership theories of Fiddler, Broom-Yet, and Hershey-Blanchard. In the sass, the research turned toward behavioral leadership theories.Many researchers started to use rating skills and conduct interviews to identify the specific behaviors that leaders engaged in on-the-Job (Wren, 1995). The most recent leadership theories, transactional, and transformational, focus on the relationships between leaders and followers. According to Viola, Wallaby, and Weber, â€Å"Today, the field of leadership focus' not only on the leader, but also the foll owers, peers, supervisors, work setting/context, and culture† (Viola, Wallaby, & Weber, 2009, p. 422). Many of the leadership models have been used in education.The following will be a historical analysis of the trait, behavioral, transactional, and transformational models and their influence on educational leadership over the past 200 years. Close attention will be paid to the evolution of the educational leader (principal) and how his or her roles have changed over time. The scientific study of leadership began in the late sass with the discovery of the traits theory. The common assumption of the time was that certain people were born with the ability to lead, thus making them better leaders than others.Schemers stated, † Those who became leaders were different from those who remained lowers† (Schemers, 1995, p. 83). The goal of trait research was to identify traits that were associated with leadership. The tests measured dominance, masculinity, sensitivity, and physical appearance, to name a few (Schemers, p. 83). During this time, a key leadership role in education was beginning to develop, the principals. As a result of the expansion of education, the one room schoolhouse model with a teacher or master became obsolete.In the sass, grade level schools were established and certain teachers were elevated to the position of â€Å"principal teacher† (Kafka, p. 321). The principal teacher at this time also possessed certain traits. The principal was most always male, who could complete the following clerical and administrative duties that kept the school in order, such as assigning classes, conducting discipline, maintaining the building, taking attendance, and ensuring that school began and ended on time (Kafka, p. 231)t.According to Kafka, These duties brought the principal teacher a degree of authority, as did his role in communicating and answering to the district superintendent, who tended to govern local schools from afar† ( Kafka, 2009, p. 231). Many of these roles matched the traits earlier identified by the scientific studies. The principal was male and showed dominance through authority and could manage and maintain law and order in the school. The role of principal and the type of person who filled this position would not change until the scientific research revealed that traits alone do not determine who should be in leadership positions.In the late sass, Stodgily discovered that â€Å"traits alone do not determine leadership† (Schemers, 1995, p. 84). As a result of Stodgily discovery, new models of leadership were created and researched. One model, behaviorism, researched the behaviors (styles) that a leader would demonstrate in his or her chosen field. Questionnaires such as the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire was used to identify behaviors that leaders engaged in (Schemers, p. 85). In education, the principals role changed as the country went off to war and people feared the fa scist and communist dictatorships.As a result of the changes in the world and new education laws passed, specifically the law that made school compulsory, the principals role changed and evolved. The principals role became a more democratic role. According to Kafka, â€Å"there was a greater expectation that other members of the school community-? including faculty and even students-?would help make decisions and govern the school. In this sense, the principals authority was drawn somewhat from his role as a democratic leader† (Kafka, 2009, p. 325).Principals would have many roles, they would become instructional leaders, and use the professional training they received and the scientific theories they were presumed to have mastered to bring about the very best classroom teaching and learning (Beck & Murphy, 1993, p. 73-76). Principals ere instructed how to manage custodians and cafeteria duties. Principals were expected to demonstrate a democratic leadership style when runnin g his or her school. In the sass, leadership research shifted from situational and contingency models to the transactional and transformational approaches.The transactional approach made popular by the research of Edwin Hollander focused on the leader as the star of the show. The transactional model did not focus on behaviors or specific situation, but on improving an organization through incentives and rewards. One transactional theory, the vertical dyad linkage theory plopped by Green, described how leaders in groups maintain their position through a series of tacit exchange agreements with their members (Schemers, p. 91). The transformational approach in contrast, is based on the interaction of leaders and followers.Bass, Burns, and House became key leaders in the research annals of transformational leadership. According to Cutout, † Genuine transformational is â€Å"socialized† and transcends self-interest for utilitarian or moral reasons. It seeks a convergence of values distinguish genuine from pseudo forms of transformational leadership† (Cutout, 2002, p. 96). Although the transactional leadership approach can be found primarily throughout business organizations, it also can be found in education at the principal position along with the transformational approach.In the field of education, a principal can implement both transformational and transactional leadership approaches simultaneously. In the sass, principals became agents of change. Healthier stated, â€Å"that this focus on the principals capacity to enact change was only affirmed in the sass with the popularity of Ron Edmondson effective schools research, which emphasized that strong administrative leadership as a common characteristic of successful schools† (Healthier, 1992, p. 37). As a result of No Child Left Behind (NCSC), schools have implemented high stakes testing to satisfy the requirements of the law.Principals are put in the position of having to wear â€Å"t wo hats†, a transformational hat and a transactional hat. Pepper states, † A principals ability to skillfully balance transform and transactional leadership styles will best position a school to accomplish the goals set forth by NCSC while also continuing to focus on individual students needs for academic success† (Pepper, 2010, p. 3). A principal practices a transformational leadership style when he or she is practicing shared leadership with staff, parents, and students.A principal would collaborate with teachers in the areas of curriculum development and instructional practices. The principal also would have a shared vision for the school and collaborate with staff and students to build an effective school culture. The principal would practice transactional leadership when he or she are overseeing the daily operations of the school. The principal would be enforcing policies, procedures, and rules of the school. The principal would reward teachers for accomplishi ng their goals and discipline teachers who do not live up to his or her standards.Although most would think of a principal as a transformational leader, there are times when a principal also has to be a transactional leader to accomplish goals, increase student achievement, and have a safe and effective school for both staff and students. Research and psychological studies will continue to contribute to the pool of leadership theories illustrated in this essay. The study of leadership has evolved from a leader-centered models with the advent of trait and behavioral studies to a Ochs on a multidimensional study that revolves around culture, context, and emotions as seen with the transactional and transformational models. An Analysis of Leadership Models Models and their Influence on Educational Leadership Pamela Lee University of Phoenix An Analysis of Leadership Models Although there is no conclusive, comprehensive definition of leadership, there has been advances in researching leadership theories that have been uncovered and carried out over the last 200 years. In the late sass, the trait theory permeated the leadership theory. The World War era saw the beginning of the contingency/situation leadership theories of Fiddler, Broom-Yet, and Hershey-Blanchard. In the sass, the research turned toward behavioral leadership theories.Many researchers started to use rating skills and conduct interviews to identify the specific behaviors that leaders engaged in on-the-Job (Wren, 1995). The most recent leadership theories, transactional, and transformational, focus on the relationships between leaders and followers. According to Viola, Wallaby, and Weber, â€Å"Today, the field of leadership focus' not only on the leader, but also the foll owers, peers, supervisors, work setting/context, and culture† (Viola, Wallaby, & Weber, 2009, p. 422). Many of the leadership models have been used in education.The following will be a historical analysis of the trait, behavioral, transactional, and transformational models and their influence on educational leadership over the past 200 years. Close attention will be paid to the evolution of the educational leader (principal) and how his or her roles have changed over time. The scientific study of leadership began in the late sass with the discovery of the traits theory. The common assumption of the time was that certain people were born with the ability to lead, thus making them better leaders than others.Schemers stated, † Those who became leaders were different from those who remained lowers† (Schemers, 1995, p. 83). The goal of trait research was to identify traits that were associated with leadership. The tests measured dominance, masculinity, sensitivity, and physical appearance, to name a few (Schemers, p. 83). During this time, a key leadership role in education was beginning to develop, the principals. As a result of the expansion of education, the one room schoolhouse model with a teacher or master became obsolete.In the sass, grade level schools were established and certain teachers were elevated to the position of â€Å"principal teacher† (Kafka, p. 321). The principal teacher at this time also possessed certain traits. The principal was most always male, who could complete the following clerical and administrative duties that kept the school in order, such as assigning classes, conducting discipline, maintaining the building, taking attendance, and ensuring that school began and ended on time (Kafka, p. 231)t.According to Kafka, These duties brought the principal teacher a degree of authority, as did his role in communicating and answering to the district superintendent, who tended to govern local schools from afar† ( Kafka, 2009, p. 231). Many of these roles matched the traits earlier identified by the scientific studies. The principal was male and showed dominance through authority and could manage and maintain law and order in the school. The role of principal and the type of person who filled this position would not change until the scientific research revealed that traits alone do not determine who should be in leadership positions.In the late sass, Stodgily discovered that â€Å"traits alone do not determine leadership† (Schemers, 1995, p. 84). As a result of Stodgily discovery, new models of leadership were created and researched. One model, behaviorism, researched the behaviors (styles) that a leader would demonstrate in his or her chosen field. Questionnaires such as the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire was used to identify behaviors that leaders engaged in (Schemers, p. 85). In education, the principals role changed as the country went off to war and people feared the fa scist and communist dictatorships.As a result of the changes in the world and new education laws passed, specifically the law that made school compulsory, the principals role changed and evolved. The principals role became a more democratic role. According to Kafka, â€Å"there was a greater expectation that other members of the school community-? including faculty and even students-?would help make decisions and govern the school. In this sense, the principals authority was drawn somewhat from his role as a democratic leader† (Kafka, 2009, p. 325).Principals would have many roles, they would become instructional leaders, and use the professional training they received and the scientific theories they were presumed to have mastered to bring about the very best classroom teaching and learning (Beck & Murphy, 1993, p. 73-76). Principals ere instructed how to manage custodians and cafeteria duties. Principals were expected to demonstrate a democratic leadership style when runnin g his or her school. In the sass, leadership research shifted from situational and contingency models to the transactional and transformational approaches.The transactional approach made popular by the research of Edwin Hollander focused on the leader as the star of the show. The transactional model did not focus on behaviors or specific situation, but on improving an organization through incentives and rewards. One transactional theory, the vertical dyad linkage theory plopped by Green, described how leaders in groups maintain their position through a series of tacit exchange agreements with their members (Schemers, p. 91). The transformational approach in contrast, is based on the interaction of leaders and followers.Bass, Burns, and House became key leaders in the research annals of transformational leadership. According to Cutout, † Genuine transformational is â€Å"socialized† and transcends self-interest for utilitarian or moral reasons. It seeks a convergence of values distinguish genuine from pseudo forms of transformational leadership† (Cutout, 2002, p. 96). Although the transactional leadership approach can be found primarily throughout business organizations, it also can be found in education at the principal position along with the transformational approach.In the field of education, a principal can implement both transformational and transactional leadership approaches simultaneously. In the sass, principals became agents of change. Healthier stated, â€Å"that this focus on the principals capacity to enact change was only affirmed in the sass with the popularity of Ron Edmondson effective schools research, which emphasized that strong administrative leadership as a common characteristic of successful schools† (Healthier, 1992, p. 37). As a result of No Child Left Behind (NCSC), schools have implemented high stakes testing to satisfy the requirements of the law.Principals are put in the position of having to wear â€Å"t wo hats†, a transformational hat and a transactional hat. Pepper states, † A principals ability to skillfully balance transform and transactional leadership styles will best position a school to accomplish the goals set forth by NCSC while also continuing to focus on individual students needs for academic success† (Pepper, 2010, p. 3). A principal practices a transformational leadership style when he or she is practicing shared leadership with staff, parents, and students.A principal would collaborate with teachers in the areas of curriculum development and instructional practices. The principal also would have a shared vision for the school and collaborate with staff and students to build an effective school culture. The principal would practice transactional leadership when he or she are overseeing the daily operations of the school. The principal would be enforcing policies, procedures, and rules of the school. The principal would reward teachers for accomplishi ng their goals and discipline teachers who do not live up to his or her standards.Although most would think of a principal as a transformational leader, there are times when a principal also has to be a transactional leader to accomplish goals, increase student achievement, and have a safe and effective school for both staff and students. Research and psychological studies will continue to contribute to the pool of leadership theories illustrated in this essay. The study of leadership has evolved from a leader-centered models with the advent of trait and behavioral studies to a Ochs on a multidimensional study that revolves around culture, context, and emotions as seen with the transactional and transformational models.